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Encyclopaedism from Antiquity to the Renaissance
There is a rich body of encyclopaedic writing which survives from the two millennia before the Enlightenment. This book sheds new light on that material. It traces the development of traditions of knowledge ordering which stretched back to Pliny and Varro and others in the classical world. It works with a broad concept of encyclopaedism, resisting the idea that there was any clear pre-modern genre of the 'encyclopaedia', and showing instead how the rhetoric and techniques of comprehensive compilation left their mark on a surprising range of texts. In the process it draws attention to both remarkable similarities and striking differences between conventions of encyclopaedic compilation in different periods, with a focus primarily on European/Mediterranean culture. The book covers classical, medieval (including Byzantine and Arabic) and Renaissance culture in turn, and combines chapters which survey whole periods with others focused closely on individual texts as case studies.
eBook
Seals and status : the power of objects
For 7,000 years seals have functioned as signs of authority. This publication deals specifically with aspects of status in the history of seals, exploring this theme across a diverse range of cultural contexts-from the 9th century up to the Early Modern period, and, across the world, looking at Byzantine, European, Islamic and Chinese examples. These objects are united by the significant role they play in social status hierarchies, in the status of institutions, indications of power and finally in notions of relative status among objects themselves. In addition to their chronological and geographical diversity, these studies concentrate on many different phases of seal use. Therefore, together they highlight the importance of studying the full life cycle of seals, from the way in which they were made and used through to their cancellation, loss and sometimes destruction. The volume will look at seals used by all members of society, from kings to fishmongers, and will examine the history of objects, with examples ranging from the medieval matrix with a classical gem showing the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius to the 17th-century Providence Island matrix from America. This publication complements the British Museum's ongoing programme of the digitisation of the Museum's collection of medieval seal matrices which will widen access to this fascinating body of material.
Book
Neutrophils in cancer: heterogeneous and multifaceted
Neutrophils are the most abundant myeloid cells in human blood and are emerging as important regulators of cancer. However, their functional importance has often been overlooked on the basis that they are short-lived, terminally differentiated and non-proliferative. Recent studies of their prominent roles in cancer have led to a paradigm shift in our appreciation of neutrophil functional diversity. This Review describes how neutrophil diversification, which in some contexts can lead to opposing functions, is generated within the tumour microenvironment as well as systemically. We compare neutrophil heterogeneity in cancer and in other pathophysiological contexts to provide an updated overview of our current knowledge of the functions of neutrophils in cancer.Neutrophils are much more than just primary responders in infection. They influence tumour development and growth in many positive and negative ways. A growing appreciation of their diversity and plasticity is revealing their complex contributions to cancer depending on time, place and disease context.
Journal Article
Shakespeare's Shakespeare : how the plays were made
In this work of scholarship and creativity, John Meagher argues that we have understood Shakespeare incorrectly by failing to recognize his own directions as playwright, his dramatic designs, his plotting and use of sources, the deployment of his acting company, and the character of his customary stage and audience. In short, we have not been exposed to Shakespeare's Shakespeare, but to Shakespeare as read and acted according to norms of critics, directors, and editors of later times. Through an examination of seven well-known plays (Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; King Lear; A Midsummer Night's Dream; As You Like It; Richard II; and Henry IV, Part I), Meagher uncovers Shakespeare as an artist, director, and actor. Written for the general reader and scholar, Shakespeare's Shakespeare recognizes the Bard first and foremost as a man of the theater, and offers vital solutions to several of the thorny problems that have beset scholars of Elizabethan drama.
Book
Neutrophil extracellular traps in systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the failure of the immune system to differentiate self from non-self. These conditions are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and they can affect many organs and systems, having significant clinical heterogeneity. Recent discoveries have highlighted that neutrophils, and in particular the neutrophil extracellular traps that they can release upon activation, can have central roles in the initiation and perpetuation of systemic autoimmune disorders and orchestrate complex inflammatory responses that lead to organ damage. Dysregulation of neutrophil cell death can lead to the modification of autoantigens and their presentation to the adaptive immune system. Furthermore, subsets of neutrophils that seem to be more prevalent in patients with systemic autoimmune disorders can promote vascular damage and increased oxidative stress. With the emergence of new technologies allowing for improved assessments of neutrophils, the complexity of neutrophil biology and its dysregulation is now starting to be understood. In this Review, we provide an overview of the roles of neutrophils in systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases and address putative therapeutic targets that may be explored based on this new knowledge.Neutrophils have a central role in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, particularly through neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Recent research suggests novel therapeutics targeting these structures that can improve patient outcomes.
Journal Article
Heterogeneity of neutrophils
Structured models of ontogenic, phenotypic and functional diversity have been instrumental for a renewed understanding of the biology of immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphoid cells. However, there are no established models that can be used to define the diversity of neutrophils, the most abundant myeloid cells. This lack of an established model is largely due to the uniquely short lives of neutrophils, a consequence of their inability to divide once terminally differentiated, which has been perceived as a roadblock to functional diversity. This perception is rapidly evolving as multiple phenotypic and functional variants of neutrophils have been found, both in homeostatic and disease conditions. In this Opinion article, we present an overview of neutrophil heterogeneity and discuss possible mechanisms of diversification, including genomic regulation. We suggest that neutrophil heterogeneity is an important feature of immune pathophysiology, such that co-option of the mechanisms of diversification by cancer or other disorders contributes to disease progression.Emerging data indicate that neutrophils exist in several different ‘flavours’. Here, the authors outline potential underlying mechanisms for the presence of distinct neutrophil subsets in health and disease.
Journal Article
Neutrophils in cancer: neutral no more
Key Points
In patients with solid cancers, neutrophils expand both in the tumour microenvironment and systemically, and are generally associated with poor prognosis.
Genetically engineered mouse models for cancer have been crucial in identifying underlying mechanisms by which neutrophils influence tumour initiation, growth and metastasis.
Neutrophils exert multifaceted and sometimes opposing roles during cancer initiation, growth and dissemination.
Primary tumours activate granulopoiesis in the bone marrow and actively stimulate the release and recruitment of both mature neutrophils and their progenitors.
Depending on the spectrum and quantity of soluble mediators produced by cancer cells and cancer-associated cells, neutrophils can be polarized into different activation states by which they elicit various pro- or antitumour functions.
Interactions between neutrophils and other (immune) cells are key in exerting their function, and the interaction networks observed in cancer are often highly reminiscent of those seen in other immunological diseases.
Neutrophils modulate the efficacy of cancer therapies, and can also serve as biomarkers for progression and therapy response in cancer patients.
Now that there is a growing understanding of the impact of neutrophils on cancer, the mechanisms by which neutrophils promote cancer progression may be used as targets to maximize the efficacy of anticancer therapeutics.
The traditionally held belief that neutrophils are inert bystanders in cancer has been challenged by the recent literature. This Review discusses the involvement of neutrophils in cancer initiation and progression, and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Neutrophils are indispensable antagonists of microbial infection and facilitators of wound healing. In the cancer setting, a newfound appreciation for neutrophils has come into view. The traditionally held belief that neutrophils are inert bystanders is being challenged by the recent literature. Emerging evidence indicates that tumours manipulate neutrophils, sometimes early in their differentiation process, to create diverse phenotypic and functional polarization states able to alter tumour behaviour. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of neutrophils in cancer initiation and progression, and their potential as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Journal Article