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Knowledge, mediation and empire
This study of the British colonial administrator James Tod (1782–1835), who spent five years in north-western India (1818–22) collecting every conceivable type of material of historical or cultural interest on the Rajputs and the Gujaratis, gives special attention to his role as a mediator of knowledge about this little-known region of the British Empire in the early nineteenth century to British and European audiences. The book aims to illustrate that British officers did not spend all their time oppressing and inferiorising the indigenous peoples under their colonial authority, but also contributed to propagating cultural and scientific information about them, and that they did not react only negatively to the various types of human difference they encountered in the field.
eBook
MEASURING TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT LEVELS: A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK TO INCORPORATE THE USER INTO MODELLING
Worldwide, many cities have embraced the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD), as it is one of the most prominent approaches to land use and public transport integration. It is believed that measuring the existing TOD levels – ‘TOD-ness’ – of an area quantitatively is critical for TOD planning. However, a literature review reveals that spatial studies and quantitative methods that measure TOD-ness comprehensively are still limited and fragmented. Furthermore, recent research has opened the door to further investigation of methods and model development, which could bridge the gap between planning decisions and practical application. Due to the multidimensional aspects of the transport decision process and the involvement of many stakeholders, often with different points of view, the process has become more complex. Unfortunately, most of the spatial studies reviewed did not express the outcomes in terms of the impact on users, which can often prevent the realization of TOD implementation. To fill these knowledge gaps, this paper aims to suggest an integrated methodological framework that measures TOD-ness (including all stakeholders’ perceptions) and also considers the users’ opinions within their local context. The method developed extends from an existing framework commonly used by researchers, drawn from reviewing relevant studies published between 2000 and 2020. This paper reviews the studies in relation to TOD-ness measurement from a ‘methodological focus’, in which an overview of the dominant methods used is presented, in addition to their pros and cons. First, the paper introduces a theoretical review of the background of the concept, its evolution and the methods employed. An analytical review of the selected literature from different databases is then conducted. Finally, it is expected that the outcomes of the research will present the best-adopted methods and provide a developed model that measures TOD-ness quantitatively.
Journal Article
Death in classical Hollywood cinema
Boaz Hagin carries out a philosophical examination of the issue of death as it is represented and problematized in Hollywood cinema of the classical era (1920s-1950s) and in later mainstream films, looking at four major genres: the Western, the gangster film, melodrama and the war film.
Book
Planning transit-oriented development (TOD): a systematic literature review of measuring the transit-oriented development levels
The recent decades have witnessed a growing trend towards transit-oriented development (TOD) to achieve sustainable development through maintaining the integration between land use and transport systems. It is believed that measuring the TOD level ‘TOD-ness’ is important for TOD planning. However, it has been found that the spatial studies and quantitative methods that comprehensively measure TOD-ness are still limited. Furthermore, some methods do not have standard frameworks, and they vary according to the research context and orientation. Accordingly, the major focus of this paper is related to the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), quantitative measuring methods that prioritize potential areas for intervention. Based on a systematic review, this paper aims to evaluate the existing studies published between 2000 and 2020 in relation to TOD-ness measurement and its operationalization. This systematic review is an attempt to present the dominant methodologies used and analyse their pros and cons. Accordingly, the paper introduces a theoretical review of the TOD concept, its evolution and methods employed from the previous studies. Then, an analytical review is conducted for the eligible records, that are extracted from eight databases according to certain criteria. Finally, it is expected that the outcomes of the research will provide insight for further studies, in addition to presenting the best-adopted methods and assisting in developing MCDM models that measure TOD-ness quantitively.
Journal Article
Measuring the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Levels of Pakistani Megacities for TOD Application: A Case Study of Lahore
The urbanization challenges in the megacities of Pakistan necessitate the implementation of comprehensive sustainable development practices to effectively address contemporary urban issues. Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a globally accepted device in achieving sustainable urban development through transport and land use integration. Evaluating the levels of TOD built in present conditions is essential for productive TOD planning, as it enables the prioritization of development interferences. In this context, we utilized a methodology to evaluate the levels of TOD (TOD-ness) present near transportation nodes through a TOD index. It utilizes ArcGIS and spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA) to determine the extent of TOD-supporting qualities around a transit node and identifies areas for potential improvements in transit orientation. The methodology was executed in the megacity of Lahore, situated in Pakistan. A TOD index was computed for areas surrounding the 26 LRT and 27 BRT stations along two existing corridors. The findings suggest that the TOD concept is feasible for Pakistani megacities, and urban decision makers can utilize the TOD index results to facilitate urban- or regional-level planning, funding, and investment policies. Furthermore, these findings offer valuable insights into the transportation obstacles and potential opportunities in similar developing cities in South Asia.
Journal Article
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART): a common pathology associated with human aging
We recommend a new term, “primary age-related tauopathy” (PART), to describe a pathology that is commonly observed in the brains of aged individuals. Many autopsy studies have reported brains with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that are indistinguishable from those of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in the absence of amyloid (Aβ) plaques. For these “NFT+/Aβ−” brains, for which formal criteria for AD neuropathologic changes are not met, the NFTs are mostly restricted to structures in the medial temporal lobe, basal forebrain, brainstem, and olfactory areas (bulb and cortex). Symptoms in persons with PART usually range from normal to amnestic cognitive changes, with only a minority exhibiting profound impairment. Because cognitive impairment is often mild, existing clinicopathologic designations, such as “tangle-only dementia” and “tangle-predominant senile dementia”, are imprecise and not appropriate for most subjects. PART is almost universally detectable at autopsy among elderly individuals, yet this pathological process cannot be specifically identified pre-mortem at the present time. Improved biomarkers and tau imaging may enable diagnosis of PART in clinical settings in the future. Indeed, recent studies have identified a common biomarker profile consisting of temporal lobe atrophy and tauopathy without evidence of Aβ accumulation. For both researchers and clinicians, a revised nomenclature will raise awareness of this extremely common pathologic change while providing a conceptual foundation for future studies. Prior reports that have elucidated features of the pathologic entity we refer to as PART are discussed, and working neuropathological diagnostic criteria are proposed.
Journal Article