Explore the vast range of titles available.

Theory of mind (ToM) to infer other people's current mental states and episodic memory of personal happenings have been assumed to be closely related. We report two participants with severely impaired episodic memory who perform indistinguishably from healthy controls on objective ToM tests. These results suggest that ToM can function independently of episodic memory.

Mark Colyvan (2010) raises two problems for 'easy road' nominalism about mathematical objects. The first is that a theory's mathematical commitments may run too deep to permit the extraction of nominalistic content. Taking the math out is, or could be, like taking the hobbits out of Lord of the Rings. I agree with the 'could be', but not (or not yet) the 'is'. A notion of logical subtraction is developed that supports the possibility, questioned by Colyvan, of bracketing a theory's mathematical aspects to obtain, as remainder, what it says 'mathematics aside'. The other problem concerns explanation. Several grades of mathematical involvement in physical explanation are distinguished, by analogy with Quine's three grades of modal involvement. The first two grades plausibly obtain, but they do not require mathematical objects. The third grade is likelier to require mathematical objects. But it is not clear from Colyvan's example that the third grade really obtains.

Disinterestedness is a mystery in Martin Chuzzlewit. Dickens's novel about selfishness almost completely lacks the means for representing the process by which people may, by reflection, achieve a measure of detachment from a self-interested perspective. Characters such as Pecksniff and Jonas Chuzzlewit, who doggedly pursue their interests without hesitation, are counterbalanced by others—chiefly Tom Pinch—for whom disinterestedness is less an accomplishment than a kind of grace that places them almost completely outside the field of relentless competition that the novel depicts. The former characters aggressively “lean in” to attain their goals; the latter exhibit a similar posture, but they do so in pursuit of solidarity rather than gain. Interestedness so rules the world of Martin Chuzzlewit as to become the fundamental organizing principle of perception and action, with the result that disinterested characters almost cease to be characters at all. Like Tom and the “sketchy gentleman,” they hover between being there and not, between one and zero.

Botulism is an intoxication caused by exotoxins of Clostridium botulinum. The case of botulism described here occurred on a commercial meat turkey farm with two houses. Toms and hens were maintained in two separate houses, toms in house A and hens in house B. At 10 wk of age, an increase in mortality was observed in the toms located in house A. Clinically the animals presented with paralysis of the legs, wings, and neck. Affected birds were sitting and reluctant to move. Necropsy failed to find any specific lesions. In liver, heart, muscles, crop, and gizzard as well as in intestinal contents, DNA of C. botulinum type C was detected by PCR. The result was confirmed by a mouse lethality neutralization test. During the 2 wk after the onset of the clinical signs the mortality was about 12%. The hens kept in house B did not show any symptoms and remained healthy. Investigations of environmental samples to detect the source of the toxin were not successful. After 2 wk clinical signs and mortality abated. At 16 wk of age, toms again showed the same clinical signs accompanied by raised mortality. Again C. botulinum toxin type C was detected. Within 2 wk the total mortality reached roughly 50%. Based on the “precautionary principle” and in agreement with the local authorities, the birds were euthanatized using CO2 in order to not compromise food safety. Reporte de Caso—Botulismo tipo C en una granja de pavos comerciales: Reporte de un caso. El botulismo es una intoxicación causada por exotoxinas de Clostridium botulinum. El caso del botulismo descrito en este reporte, ocurrió en una granja de dos casetas, con pavos comerciales productores de carne. Se mantuvieron los machos y las hembras en dos casetas separadas, los machos en la caseta A y las hembras en la caseta B. A las diez semanas de edad, se observó un aumento de la mortalidad se observó en los machos alojados en la caseta A. Clínicamente los animales presentaron parálisis de las piernas, alas, y el cuello. Las aves afectadas estaban sentadas y renuentes al movimiento. La necropsia no logró evidenciar ninguna lesión específica. En el hígado, el corazón, los músculos, los cultivos, y la molleja, así como en los contenidos intestinales, se encontró ADN de C. botulinum tipo C mediante PCR. El resultado fue confirmado por una prueba de neutralización de la letalidad en ratones. Durante las dos semanas posteriores a la aparición de los signos clínicos, la mortalidad fue de aproximadamente el 12%. Las gallinas alojadas en la caseta B no mostraron ningún signo y se mantuvieron saludables. Los análisis de muestras ambientales para detectar el origen de la toxina no tuvieron éxito. Después de dos semanas, los signos clínicos y la mortalidad disminuyeron. A las 16 semanas de edad, los machos volvieron a mostrar los mismos signos clínicos acompañados de mortalidad elevada. Nuevamente, la toxina tipo C de C. botulinum se detectó. Dentro de las dos semanas siguientes, la mortalidad total fue de aproximadamente 50%. Con base en el “principio de precaución” y con la autorización de las autoridades locales, las aves fueron sacrificadas con CO2 para no comprometer la seguridad alimentaria.

Why do Clemens's encounters with the Campbellites matter? Simply put, because the Campbellites were not as benign as they are usually represented. The sect was virulently anti-Catholic, theological allies of the Know Nothings of the 1840s and '50s. The religious bias was deeply ingrained in Campbellite doctrine, which in its most extreme form identified the pope with the Antichrist or the Beast prophesied in Revelations 20. Clemens never entirely outgrew his anti-Catholic prejudices, and his lifelong antipathy for Catholicism may have originated, ironically, in the Campbellite sermons he heard as a child. For good or ill, the Campbellites left a mark on young Sam Clemens.

The n-word inAdventures of Huckleberry Finnis a significant contribution to Twain's message, as digital analysis reveals, leading us to understand Twain's methods and targets as somewhat different from what many critics assume, exposing the racism in otherwise “kind” people.