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The industrial heritage of the 1960s and 1970s includes post-mining buildings, most of them abandoned and neglected. The question is whether they should be protected? Is protection possible under the law in force? Polish law does not regulate these issues. This work shall use the Zakłady Górniczo Hutnicze Bolesław (Steel and Mining Plant) based in Bolesław, a city in Lesser Poland, as an example. Spatial arrangements of two mines, both of which belong to the ZGH Bolesław, were subject to analysis, together with their constructional aspects, as well as the present condition of the shaft towers and the head-pit buildings. The conclusions concern the possibility of utilizing the statutory and the non-statutory methods of assessing post-mining structures as a form of tools that are used to protect them and as a form of a recommendation for providing their comprehensive historical, cultural, and social valuation. Moreover, the research was also based on archival materials provided by ZGH Bolesław as well as in-situ studies.

The harms accompanying disordered gambling are well documented. Additionally, there is growing attention to the harms that arise from people who gamble heavily but do not meet the criteria for a gambling disorder. Accordingly, there has been an increasing interest in the effectiveness of consumer protection tools for consumers of gambling products. Subsequently, there is a need to properly evaluate the evidence for their effectiveness. This review aimed to conduct a narrative synthesis of empirical studies to identify gaps, weaknesses, and strengths in the existing evidence for the effectiveness of harm minimisation tools available to people who gamble. This review includes studies published between January 2015 to July 2022 and comprises 55 peer-reviewed studies for final synthesis. Findings reveal that while more research is needed to examine the effectiveness of active and passive consumer protection tools, uptake of tools is low in part because users view them as tools for individuals already experiencing gambling harm as opposed to protective tools for all users. Research is needed to determine effective ways of communicating the value of consumer protection tools for gambling.

Radiation received by specialists is mainly the scattered radiation from patients. [...]if patients receive less radiation, staff will also be exposed to less scattered radiation. [...]evaluation of these protective tools in routine clinical practice should occur in all laboratories.

Agricultural land, as a component of the environment, is one of the irreplaceable natural resources and, at the same time, through its functions, is an integral part of the quality of human lives. Several international institutions or scientists point to problems with land loss or decline in quality and, ultimately, to the increased need for soil protection, based on which governments implement various tools. The aim of the paper is therefore to compile a general overview of existing tools for the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia and to analyse selected strategies for land protection in the EU. The main source of information was represented by literary sources of publications by scientific researchers, Slovak and European bodies or institutions, and, last but not least, legal acts. The paper points to a wide range of existing tools and innovative strategies for the protection of agricultural land in Slovakia and the EU.

Digital tools are increasingly used for health promotion, but their utility during recovery from a nuclear disaster has yet to be established. This study analysed differences in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward digital tools for radiation protection and health promotion, and preferences for specific application functions, among cohorts living within and outside areas affected by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station (FDNPS) accident. A needs assessment was conducted by internet survey, and responses from those affected (N = 86) and not affected (N = 253) were compared and quantified by an adjusted odds ratio (aOR), using logistic regression analyses. KAP toward the radiation-related application in the affected group had an aOR of 1.95 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12–3.38) for knowledge, and 5.71 (CI = 2.55–12.8) for practice. Conversely, toward the health-related application, the aOR of the affected group was 0.50 (CI = 0.29–0.86). The preference in the affected group was significantly lower for two application functions related to radiation measurement and two health-related functions (one about the effects of radiation in general and another about personal health advice in general): aOR range 0.43–0.50. Development of specific applications incorporating the findings from this survey was intended to foster a locally appropriate eHealth environment during recovery from the FDNPS accident.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the various software and hardware tools used in microgrid protection studies, including experimental setup requirements. While these tools have broad applications in power system research, this review specifically focuses on their utilization in microgrid protection, encompassing aspects, such as design, testing, simulation, analysis, and evaluation. The paper covers a wide range of tools, including protection simulation software and hardware components. Each category of tools is meticulously analyzed for its unique contribution to microgrid protection, highlighting their capabilities in different scenarios ranging from simulation features to hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) capabilities. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for professionals and researchers in microgrid protection, providing insights into the selection and application of design and research tools based on their case studies.

Context: Dental plaque is considered one of the most important etiological factors for dental caries. Nitrate and Nitrite levels in saliva are considered protective against oral and gastrointestinal disease. Plaque nitric oxide (NO) levels and its role in dental caries has not be explored in the literature. Aim: Determine the correlation of the plaque nitric oxide (NO) with dental caries in vivo. Materials and Method: 75 healthy children between ages of 3-15 years were selected. The age, state of dentition and the level of caries in all individuals were determined by the same examiner, using DMFT/deft index. The plaque samples collected were subjected to nitric oxide estimation, streptococcus mutans count and pH for correlation. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS computer based software was used for descriptive data analysis. ANOVA one way analysis and Karl pearson′s correlation was carried out. Results and Conclusion: Statistically significant relationship was observed between plaque nitric oxide and dental caries in all age groups. Similarly, significant correlation of nitric oxide was found in relation to plaque streptococcus mutans and plaque pH. Thus concluded, plaque nitric oxide can be considered as a risk assessment tool for prediction of dental caries.

The past 25 years have witnessed unprecedented changes around the world—many of them for the better. Across the continents, many countries have embarked on a path of international integration, economic reform, technological modernization, and democratic participation. As a result, economies that had been stagnant for decades are growing, people whose families had suffered deprivation for generations are escaping poverty, and hundreds of millions are enjoying the benefits of improved living standards and scientific and cultural sharing across nations. As the world changes, a host of opportunities arise constantly. With them, however, appear old and new risks, from the possibility of job loss and disease to the potential for social unrest and environmental damage. If ignored, these risks can turn into crises that reverse hard-won gains and endanger the social and economic reforms that produced these gains. The World Development Report 2014 (WDR 2014), Risk and Opportunity: Managing Risk for Development, contends that the solution is not to reject change in order to avoid risk but to prepare for the opportunities and risks that change entails. Managing risks responsibly and effectively has the potential to bring about security and a means of progress for people in developing countries and beyond. Although individuals' own efforts, initiative, and responsibility are essential for managing risk, their success will be limited without a supportive social environment—especially when risks are large or systemic in nature. The WDR 2014 argues that people can successfully confront risks that are beyond their means by sharing their risk management with others. This can be done through naturally occurring social and economic systems that enable people to overcome the obstacles that individuals and groups face, including lack of resources and information, cognitive and behavioral failures, missing markets and public goods, and social externalities and exclusion. These systems—from the household and the community to the state and the international community—have the potential to support people's risk management in different yet complementary ways. The Report focuses on some of the most pressing questions policy makers are asking. What role should the state take in helping people manage risks? When should this role consist of direct interventions, and when should it consist of providing an enabling environment? How can governments improve their own risk management, and what happens when they fail or lack capacity, as in many fragile and conflict-affected states? Through what mechanisms can risk management be mainstreamed into the development agenda? And how can collective action failures to manage systemic risks be addressed, especially those with irreversible consequences? The WDR 2014 provides policy makers with insights and recommendations to address these difficult questions. It should serve to guide the dialogue, operations, and contributions from key development actors—from civil society and national governments to the donor community and international development organizations.