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In the face of biodiversity loss, it is crucial to broaden the arguments for conservation of protected areas by acknowledging diverse values of nature. We systematically reviewed empirical studies to investigate tourists’ values of nature in protected areas over time and across regions. To do so, we explored (1) the main ecological and social characteristics of the case studies; (2) methodological approaches; and (3) value types. Based on the review of 152 articles, we found that economic valuation has received the most scientific attention, while socio-cultural valuation approaches have recently increased. Values were primarily elicited and analyzed quantitatively and in monetary metrics, although valuation methods and frameworks have diversified over the past two decades. However, considering the role of valuation methods and frameworks as value-articulating institutions, we suggest that future research on nature valuation also applies qualitative and non-monetary methods, elicits diverse values, and conducts plural valuation.

Wild animals are important worldwide because of the multiple values they represent for human societies. Different frameworks have been proposed to understand the values of wildlife from economic and noneconomic perspectives. Despite efforts from different disciplines to provide a holistic framework for the analysis of wildlife values, the focus is still based on the monetary value derived from market prices. Community-oriented approaches to wildlife conservation have an especially strong economic rationale because they depend on the economic costs and benefits that wildlife represents to local communities. However, purely economic approaches ignore that values are subjective and as such are perceived differently among stakeholders according to their social, economic, cultural, and ecological context. The lack of a holistic framework hinders the possibility to provide a clear and practical tool for the resolution of wildlife conservation conflicts and the identification of management options that maximize values. Based on a wide literature review, we propose a comprehensive wildlife value framework (WVF) incorporating the values of wildlife identified in the academic literature into the total economic value (TEV) framework. Costs associated with human-wildlife conflicts are also incorporated as well as subjective perceptions of values based on multidimensional well-being criteria. This work aims to provide a common structure within which different perspectives related to wildlife can be captured to inform multi-actor, multi-objective decision making related to wildlife management.

The ACCRUAL reform outlined by the implementation of the EU Council Directive 2011/85/EU for defining accounting principles and standards in public administrations also involves Italian artistic and cultural heritage assets. In the Next Generation EU (National Recovery and Resilience Plan), cultural heritage and culture, in general, are considered as determinants of development from a recovery perspective. Thus, the idea of cultural heritage as a bundle of values and as a mean for sustainable growth, human development, and quality of life has been consolidated. Within such a context, this contribution aims to stimulate reflection on the economic and financial dimension of cultural heritage in the public administrations’ balance sheets and on the contribution that the discipline of Appraisal and Evaluation can provide to defining the methodological framework necessary for estimating their value. Starting from the acknowledgement of the coexistence of a plurality of values characterizing cultural heritage, particular attention has been paid to the economic dimension of Heritage and the evaluation challenges the accounting principles have introduced consistently with the Italian position in the process of defining the conceptual framework and the accounting guidelines.

Background For many countries, especially those outside the USA without incentive payments, implementing and maintaining electronic medical records (EMR) is expensive and can be controversial given the large amounts of investment. Evaluating the value of EMR implementation is necessary to understand whether or not, such investment, especially when it comes from the public source, is an efficient allocation of healthcare resources. Nonetheless, most countries have struggled to measure the return on EMR investment due to the lack of appropriate evaluation frameworks. Methods This paper outlines the development of an evidence-based digital health cost-benefit analysis (eHealth-CBA) framework to calculate the total economic value of the EMR implementation over time. A net positive benefit indicates such investment represents improved efficiency, and a net negative is considered a wasteful use of public resources. Results We developed a three-stage process that takes into account the complexity of the healthcare system and its stakeholders, the investment appraisal and evaluation practice, and the existing knowledge of EMR implementation. The three stages include (1) literature review, (2) stakeholder consultation, and (3) CBA framework development. The framework maps the impacts of the EMR to the quadruple aim of healthcare and clearly creates a method for value assessment. Conclusions The proposed framework is the first step toward developing a comprehensive evaluation framework for EMRs to inform health decision-makers about the economic value of digital investments rather than just the financial value.

The desire to assess the value of natural resources led to the emergence of the evaluation theory in environmental economics. However, the lack of a systematic approach to the natural resources evaluation, as well as undefined assessment boundaries hinder the development of the such a theory, including the concepts of ecosystem services and total economic value. Based on the review of relevant scientific publications, the paper aims to analyse the evolution of the evaluation theory in environmental economics, as well as to reveal its general trends and phenomena. The methods of systematisation and content analysis were applied along with evolutionary and regional approaches. The example of the natural resources development in the northern regions was used to trace the evolution of the evaluation theory in Russia. A number of basic trends and phenomena in the development of the examined theory were identified. An axiological (subjective) value has been converging with an objective value of natural resources due to the integration of various assessment factors: 1) utilitarian (early 19th — mid-20th centuries); 2) utilitarian and social, utilitarian and ecological (mid-20th century — the turn of the 20th-21st centuries); 3) utilitarian, social and ecological in aggregate (early 21st century — present day). The evaluation object (territorial aspect) has also been expanded from local assessment to the assessment of the natural resource potential of regions and the world. The paper demonstrates that the evaluation theory in environmental economics, which now considers utilitarian, social and ecological aspects, will continue to develop by creating new paradigms, approaches, methods and techniques for assessing the value of nature resources in order to converge the axiological and objective values.

The purpose of the study is an economic assessment of the effectiveness of agroforestry based on determining the value of ecosystem services of an afforested model land object and extrapolating the data obtained to the territory of the south of the Volga upland with identical natural and economic conditions to the model. The study presents a methodology for the economic assessment of ecosystem goods and services of forested agricultural landscapes based on the modern classification of ecosystem services: CICES. It is established that the economic value of the regional ecosystem product provided by forested lands in the dry steppe is USD 1323 per 1 ha of agroforest landscape per year (price for 2021 on average for 30 years). Of these, regulatory and maintenance services account for 52% of the total economic value, security services—45%, and cultural services—3%. The projected economic value of ecosystem services that will be provided by afforested lands in the south of the Volga upland, the price for 2025, taking into account inflation, is estimated at almost USD 20 million. This value is a sufficient justification for conducting forest reclamation works in the region and providing recommendations for their necessity for small enterprises and farms.

Urban green areas provide a wealth of benefits that range from maintenance of natural ecological processes to air and water management, to ameliorating the well- being of local population. Starting from the concept of Total Economic Value, the paper investigates the method of the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to estimate the value of two urban parks in the city of Turin: Dora Park and Valentino Park. The GWR grounds on to the Hedonic Pricing approach and permits to investigate the spatial patterns of the key variables under investigation. The results of the model show that proximity to parks influence positively real estate prices, and that it emerges a positive Willingness To Pay for environmental goods and services such as those provided by urban green areas. Le aree urbane verdi forniscono una serie di benefici che vanno dal mantenimento dei processi ecologici naturali relativi alla risorsa aria e acqua, fino al miglioramento del benessere della popolazione locale. Partendo dal concetto di Valore Economico Totale, il presente lavoro indaga il metodo della regressione geografica ponderata, ‘Geographically Weighted Regression’ (GWR), per stimare il valore di due parchi urbani della città di Torino: il Parco Dora e il Parco del Valentino. La GWR si basa sull’approccio dei prezzi edonici e permette di indagare la variabilità spaziale e delle variabili chiave in esame e il relativo impatto sui prezzi di mercato degli immobili. I risultati del modello mostrano che la prossimità a un parco influenza positivamente i prezzi degli immobili e, conseguentemente, che emerge una Disponibilità a Pagare (DAP) positiva per beni e servizi ambientali quali sono quelli forniti dalle aree verdi urbane.

This research aims to analyze the increase in fishermen economy through mapping fishing areas in Pariti waters, Indonesia. This research uses primary and secondary data. The primary data comes from interviews. It includes the amount of fish caught by fishermen, measured in kilograms (kg), selling prices of fish caught, education, age, number of family dependents, and experience in Pariti Village, Sulamu District, Kupang Regency. Secondary data were obtained from several websites and publications. This research uses the effect on production (EoP) analysis technique. Based on the calculation results of the utility effect on production (Ueop), a value of 2278.29 USD per fisherman per year was obtained. The total economic value (TEV), based on the total fishing area in accordance with the total catchment area of the Kupang Regency RPIMD in 2019, was 703991.74 USD. This value is the total economic value of the fisheries ecosystem in the fish catching area in Pariti Village, Sulamu District, Kupang Regency annually. The results of this calculation when calculated per ha is 410.68 USD per year. Calculation of the resulting TEV can show the economic value of the capture fisheries ecosystem divided into two types of catch, namely shrimp and fish. The calculation results for the shrimp catchment area yield a value of 3610.21 USD for TEV per ha per year, while for the fish catchment area there is a value of 463.4 USD for TEV per ha per year. This shows that the TEV for the shrimp catchment area is greater than for the fish catchment area. The strategy to increase the economy of Pariti village fishermen can be carried out by maximizing the catch of shrimp and their distribution to the community with a more competitive selling price.

Benthic macroinvertebrates are crucial to the health of river ecosystems. However, their conservation status is often overlooked. Due to their limited mobility and sensitivity to habitat changes, their survival is threatened. Given the current lack of research on their value composition and evaluation, this study refers to the total economic value (TEV) framework to preliminarily construct a systematic evaluation framework for freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates. Through field surveys, questionnaires, and market survey data, the value composition of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Tuojiang River Basin of Chengdu was systematically clarified. The total value was monetized using methods such as the market price method, substitute market method, and simulated market method. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The biodiversity value of benthic macroinvertebrates in the study area ranges from 6.36 × 108 to 12.76 × 108 CNY/a, accounting for 0.17–0.34% of the region’s 2019 GDP. The various values in order of proportion are as follows: non-use value > direct service value > Direct Material value > indirect use value. This indicates that this biological group has enormous potential value and significant conservation importance. (2) The proportions of the value amounts of various species in the total value differ. The proportions of Viviparidae, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, and Palaemonidae are relatively high, reaching 9.8–23.8%. The proportions of Atyidae, Semisulcospiridae, and Bithyniidae are about 5%. The proportions of Unionidae, Corbiculidae, and Aillpullaridae are less than 3%. These differences are mainly influenced by factors such as species population numbers in the region, public value perception, aesthetic preferences, and dietary habits. This evaluation framework scientifically and comprehensively assesses the biodiversity value of regional benthic macroinvertebrates, providing a reference for the value assessment of other biological groups within the region and offering a scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of the target biological groups.

The main purpose of this article is to estimate on the basis of inhabitants' perception the overall composite and aggregated scores of two major sporting events held in Ergo Arena hall, on the border of Gdańsk and Sopot, in northern Poland. The indirect aim is to identify the determinants affecting the monetary offers of the locals of the two cities. The research results unveil that major sporting events may determine the appearance of intangible social effects that are eagerly valued by the citizens of host cities. The resident's valuation ranges between 6.08 PLN (US$1.96) and 11.29 PLN (US$3.64) for intangible benefits, while between 1.75 PLN (US$0.56) and 2.21 PLN (US$0.71) for intangible costs, depending on the city and the event. The results determine an increase in the values of intangible net benefits. The amount of net intangible benefit is much lower than in the case of mega-sporting events. Nevertheless, it is more likely to host many major sporting events in a short time in one place. The regression analysis shows that the decision to allocate funds to support the Championships in 2016 and 2017 in Gdańsk/Sopot was made by people with high incomes, who expressed an interest in sport, but not necessarily in the sports discipline, and perceived intangible benefits, in particular civic pride and the feel-good factor. In turn, the level of WTPcost was particularly high among people with high incomes who perceived the threats connected with the hosting of a major sporting event.