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"Toucans"
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Toucans
\"Simple text and photographs present toucans, how they look, where they live, and what they do\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Collared forest-falcon in Costa Rica
Predator-prey interactions occur regularly in nature; however, predation events are difficult to observe in the canopy of tropical rain forests. We describe a successful capture of a Chestnut-mandibled Toucan (Ramphastos swainsonii) by a Collared Forest-Falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus) in Carara National Park, Costa Rica. The predator-prey interaction lasted for ~30 min from the moment of the first wounding strike in the canopy to the killing of the toucan on the ground. During the predation process, the falcon engaged in multiple attacks from different directions at the sub-canopy level. We video recorded a total of 323.3 sec tracks during the predation event to produce a detailed description of the behavior of both species. In addition, we analyzed the structure of the call of the toucan while being attacked and compared that with a regular call of another individual recorded at a different time in the same area. The toucan produced a distress call with strong harmonics and a broad-band rattling sound as a threatening call. We comment on the possible function of the calls.
Journal Article
Keel-billed Toucans on the ground in a tropical forest restoration experiment/Tucanes en el suelo en un experimento de restauracion de bosque tropical
Motion-activated cameras captured images of 2 Keel-billed Toucans (Ramphastos sulfuratus) on and near the ground in two 900 [m.sup.2] experimental forest restoration plots located in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Veracruz, Mexico, during July 2015. Toucans have been known to forage widely for fruit in fragmented landscapes. Our cameras indicated that they additionally foraged on and near the ground for insects or other animal prey in relatively predator-free forest patches. As key agents of dispersal of large-seeded old-growth trees, toucans and other large frugivores were likely responsible for recruitment of animal-dispersed tree species of mature forest in our experimental plantings, even in stands of wind-dispersed trees or controls where animal-dispersed tree species were not planted. Received 1 March 2017. Accepted 24 January 2018. Key words: avian behavior, foraging, forest restoration, Los Tuxtlas, Neotropical birds. Tomamos imagenes de dos tucanes (Ramphastos sulfuratus) con camaras activadas por movimiento en el suelo y cerca de este en dos parcelas experimentales de 900 [m.sup.2] en la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico, durante julio 2015. Se sabe que los tucanes buscan frutos ampliamente en paisajes fragmentados. Nuestras camaras indican que en parches de bosque relativamente libres de depredadores, tambien buscaban insectos u otras presas en y cerca del suelo. Como agentes clave de la dispersion de semillas grandes en bosques de edad avanzada, los tucanes y otros frugivoros grandes probablemente son responsables del reclutamiento de especies arboreas dispersadas por animales propias de bosques maduros en nuestras plantaciones experimentales, incluso en grupos de arboles dispersados por viento o controles en los que no se plantaron especies dispersadas por animales. Palabras clave: aves neotropicales, comportamiento aviar, Forrajeo, Los Tuxtlas, restauracion de selvas.
Journal Article
Toucans, too
Thinking the cockatoos have said \"toucan stew,\" the toucans run away in a toucan canoe but the cockatoos set things right with some two-can stew.
Book
Dispersal in a Neotropical tree, Virola flexuosa (Myristicaceae): Does hunting of large vertebrates limit seed removal
To understand how different frugivores impact dispersal, we studied the assemblage that feed on Virola flexuosa over a two-year period at two sites differing in hunting pressure in Ecuador. We focus on disperser effectiveness and test the hypothesis that seed removal, influenced by differential visits of large-bodied frugivores, will differ between hunted and non-hunted sites. All visiting frugivores were identified, and fruit handling behavior and seed removal rates quantified. Seed traps were placed under fruiting trees to estimate crop size and fruit removal. Seventeen bird and three primate species were recorded foraging in V. flexuosa trees. Toucans and primates were the most important dispersers comprising nearly 85% of visits with six toucan species recorded in 74% of visits. A proportionately larger number of seeds were removed from fruiting trees at a non-hunted site (89.4%) than a hunted site (66.8%). In addition, there were significantly more frugivore visits at the non-hunted than the hunted site. The differences in the frugivore assemblage and the number of seeds dispersed from individual trees between two structurally similar forest sites suggest dispersal limitation resulting from a decline in frugivores.
Journal Article
Toucan keep a secret
\"Meg Langslow is at Trinity Episcopal locking up after an event and checking on the toucan Meg's friend Rev. Robyn Smith is fostering in her office. After hearing a hammering in the columbarium (the small building where cremated remains are held), Meg finds an elderly parishioner lying dead on the floor of the crypt. Several niches have been chiseled open; several urns knocked out; and amid the spilled ashes is a gold ring with a huge red stone. The curmudgeonly victim had become disgruntled with the church and ranted all over town about taking back his wife's ashes. Did someone who had it in for him follow him to the columbarium? Or was the motive grave robbery? Or did he see someone breaking in and investigate? Why was the ruby left behind? While the Chief Burke investigates the murder, Robyn recruits Meg to contact the families of the people whose ashes were disturbed. During this task, Meg learns many secrets about Caerphilly's history--and finds that the toucan may play a role in unmasking the killer. Clues and events indicate that a thief broke into the church to steal the toucan the night of the murder, so Meg decides to set a trap for the would-be toucan thief--who might also be the killer\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Mitochondrial Genomes and Avian Phylogeny: Complex Characters and Resolvability without Explosive Radiations
We improve the taxon sampling for avian phylogeny by analyzing 7 new mitochondrial genomes (a toucan, woodpecker, osprey, forest falcon, American kestrel, heron, and a pelican). This improves inference of the avian tree, and it supports 3 major conclusions. The first is that some birds (including a parrot, a toucan, and an osprey) exhibit a complete duplication of the control region (CR) meaning that there are at least 4 distinct gene orders within birds. However, it appears that there are regions of continued gene conversion between the duplicate CRs, resulting in duplications that can be stable for long evolutionary periods. Because of this stable duplicated state, gene order can eventually either revert to the original order or change to the new gene order. The existence of this stable duplicate state explains how an apparently unlikely event (finding the same novel gene order) can arise multiple times. Although rare genomic changes have theoretical advantages for tree reconstruction, they can be compromised if these apparently rare events have a stable intermediate state. Secondly, the toucan and woodpecker improve the resolution of the 6-way split within Neoaves that has been called an \"explosive radiation.\" An explosive radiation implies that normal microevolutionary events are insufficient to explain the observed macroevolution. By showing the avian tree is, in principle, resolvable, we demonstrate that the radiation of birds is amenable to standard evolutionary analysis. Thirdly, and as expected from theory, additional taxa breaking up long branches stabilize the position of some problematic taxa (like the falcon). In addition, we report that within the birds of prey and allies, we did not find evidence pairing New World vultures with storks or accipitrids (hawks, eagles, and osprey) with Falconids.
Journal Article
The valid name of the Curl-crested Aracari (Pteroglossus beauharnaesii)
Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the valid form and source of the name for the well-known Curl-crested Aracari should remain Pteroglossus beauharnaesiiWagler, 1832. Although it is an incorrect subsequent spelling, its challenger, Pteroglossus beauharnaisii, is a nomen oblitum. Pteroglossus beauharnaesiiWagler, 1832 has been in universal use since 1900, and it is protected either by Article 23.9 or 33.3.1 of the Code, depending on the interpretation of the way the younger name was introduced.
Journal Article
J Zoo Wildl Med.: Traumatic
An approximately 10-year-old, captive-born female toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) was presented due to an acute onset of depression and apathy. On visual and physical examination, it showed an abnormal posture and dehydration, respectively. Serum biochemistry revealed hyperuricemia (39.4 mg/dL) and elevated glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT; 1050 U/L). Radiographs demonstrated an enlargement of the cardiac silhouette. The bird died 7 days after presentation, despite treatment with enrofloxacin, allopurinol, a preparation of hepatorenal protectors, and complex B vitamins with dextrose. Necropsy revealed severe fibrinohemorrhagic peri carditis with a 15-mm-long and 2.5-mm-diameter, rigid foreign body in the pericardial exudate. Microscopically, this foreign body was of vegetal origin.
Journal Article