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"Touch"
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Ketamine reduces the neural distinction between self- and other-produced affective touch: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study
A coherent sense of self is crucial for social functioning and mental health. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine induces short-term dissociative experiences and has therefore been used to model an altered state of self-perception. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study investigated the mechanisms for ketamine’s effects on the bodily sense of self in the context of affective touch. Thirty healthy participants (15 females/15 males, age 19–39) received intravenous ketamine or placebo while performing self-touch and receiving touch by someone else during functional MRI – a previously established neural measure of tactile self-other-differentiation. Afterwards, tactile detection thresholds during self- and other-touch were assessed, as well as dissociative states, interoceptive awareness, and social touch attitudes. Compared to placebo, ketamine administration elicited dissociation and reduced neural activity associated with self-other-differentiation in the right temporoparietal cortex, which was most pronounced during other-touch. This reduction correlated with ketamine-induced reductions in interoceptive awareness. The temporoparietal cortex showed higher connectivity to somatosensory cortex and insula during other- compared to self-touch. This difference was augmented by ketamine, and correlated with dissociation strength for somatosensory cortex. These results demonstrate that disrupting the self-experience through ketamine administration affects neural activity associated with self-other-differentiation in a region involved in touch perception and social cognition, especially with regard to social touch by someone else. This process may be driven by ketamine-induced effects on top-down signaling, rendering the processing of predictable self-generated and unpredictable other-generated touch more similar. These findings provide further evidence for the intricate relationship of the bodily self with the tactile sense.
Journal Article
Touch : the science of hand, heart, and mind
\"The New York Times bestselling author examines how our sense of touch and emotion are interconnected Johns Hopkins neuroscientist and bestselling author of The Compass of Pleasure, David J. Linden presents an engaging and fascinating examination of how the interface between our sense of touch and our emotional responses affects our social interactions as well as our general health and development. Accessible in its wit and clarity, Touch explores scientific advances in the understanding of touch that help explain our sense of self and our experience of the world. From skin to nerves to brain, the organization of the body's touch circuits powerfully influences our lives-affecting everything from consumer choice to sexual intercourse, tool use to the origins of language, chronic pain to healing. Interpersonal touch is crucial to social bonding and individual development. Linden lucidly explains how sensory and emotional context work together to distinguish between perceptions of what feels good and what feels bad. Linking biology and behavioral science, Linden offers an entertaining and enlightening answer to how we feel in every sense of the word\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Deepest Sense
From the softest caress to the harshest blow, touch lies at the heart of our experience of the world. Now, for the first time, this deepest of senses is the subject of an extensive historical exploration. The Deepest Sense: A Cultural History of Touch fleshes out our understanding of the past with explorations of lived experiences of embodiment from the Middle Ages to modernity. This intimate and sensuous approach to history makes it possible to foreground the tactile foundations of Western culture--the ways in which feelings shaped society._x000B__x000B_Constance Classen explores a variety of tactile realms including the feel of the medieval city; the tactile appeal of relics; the social histories of pain, pleasure, and affection; the bonds of touch between humans and animals; the strenuous excitement of sports such as wrestling and jousting; and the sensuous attractions of consumer culture. She delves into a range of vital issues, from the uses--and prohibitions--of touch in social interaction to the disciplining of the body by the modern state, from the changing feel of the urban landscape to the technologization of touch in modernity._x000B__x000B_Through poignant descriptions of the healing power of a medieval king's hand or the grueling conditions of a nineteenth-century prison, we find that history, far from being a dry and lifeless subject, touches us to the quick.
eBook
Attention and control of posture: the effects of light touch on the center-of-pressure time series regularity and simple reaction time task
The stabilizing influence of a light touch (LT) on a postural sway has been consistently shown in the literature, however there is still no consensus in what way attentional resources are used when adopting LT during standing. To better elucidate the underlying mechanisms we introduced additional feedback (LT), which seems to distracts from postural control, and verified it by center of pressure (COP) regularity level and simple reaction time task. 25 healthy students randomly performed eight postural tasks, four without (NoRT)/ four with simple reaction task (RT). COP displacements were measured on a force plate in two visual conditions: eyes open/closed and two sensory conditions: without (NoLT)/with light touch (LT). Participants were asked to consider the postural task as the primary task. Although simple reaction time did not differ between postural conditions (
p
> 0.05), LT decreased postural sway velocity in anteroposterior direction (
p
< 0.001, η2 = 0.86) and decreased standard deviation (
p
< 0.001, η2 = 0.91) in both, reaction and visual conditions. Interestingly, RT task modified subjects behavior in NoLT conditions and caused slower COP velocity (
p
< 0.001, η2 = 0.53) without changes in signal regularity. Results also showed a significant increase in irregularity during standing with LT (
p
< 0.001, η2 = 0.86) in both vision and reaction conditions, suggesting that the signal was more random. Current results suggests that providing LT enhance postural steadiness and also seem to redirect attention externally, as shown by increased signal irregularity. Hence, LT possibly reduce the attention invested in the postural task itself. A RT task can be not sensitive enough to detect such subtle changes.
Journal Article
Your sense of touch
Learn how receptor cells in the skin talk to the brain and allow us to feel the things we touch.
Book
Oxytocin administration enhances pleasantness and neural responses to gentle stroking but not moderate pressure social touch by increasing peripheral concentrations
Social touch constitutes a key component of human social relationships, although in some conditions with social dysfunction, such as autism, it can be perceived as unpleasant. We have previously shown that intranasal administration of oxytocin facilitates the pleasantness of social touch and activation of brain reward and social processing regions, although it is unclear if it influences responses to gentle stroking touch mediated by cutaneous C-touch fibers or pressure touch mediated by other types of fibers. Additionally, it is unclear whether endogenous oxytocin acts via direct entry into the brain or by increased peripheral blood concentrations.
In a randomized controlled design, we compared effects of intranasal (direct entry into the brain and increased peripheral concentrations) and oral (only peripheral increases) oxytocin on behavioral and neural responses to social touch targeting C-touch (gentle-stroking) or other (medium pressure without stroking) cutaneous receptors.
Although both types of touch were perceived as pleasant, intranasal and oral oxytocin equivalently enhanced pleasantness ratings and responses of reward, orbitofrontal cortex, and social processing, superior temporal sulcus, regions only to gentle-stroking not medium pressure touch. Furthermore, increased blood oxytocin concentrations predicted the pleasantness of gentle stroking touch. The specificity of neural effects of oxytocin on C-touch targeted gentle stroking touch were confirmed by time-course extraction and classification analysis.
Increased peripheral concentrations of oxytocin primarily modulate its behavioral and neural responses to gentle social touch mediated by C-touch fibers. Findings have potential implications for using oxytocin therapeutically in conditions where social touch is unpleasant.
Key Technological Projects of Guangdong Province grant 2018B030335001.
NCT05265806.
Journal Article
How does a touch screen work?
\"Readers will find out how layers of glass, metal, and LEDs work together to make a touch screen work. Full-color images augment explanations of different kinds of touch screens.\"-- Publisher's website.
Book
Touched by loneliness—how loneliness impacts the response to observed human touch: a tDCS study
Abstract
Lonely people often crave connectedness. However, they may also experience their environment as threatening, entering a self-preserving state that perpetuates loneliness. Research shows conflicting evidence about their response to positive social cues, and little is known about their experience of observed human touch. The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) is part of an observation–execution network implicated in observed touch perception. Correlative studies also point to rIFG’s involvement in loneliness. We examined the causal effect of rIFG anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on high- and low-loneliness individuals observing human touch. In a cross-over design study, 40 participants watched pictures of humans or objects touching or not touching during anodal and sham stimulations. Participants indicated whether pictures contained humans or objects, and their reaction time was measured. Results show that the reaction time of low-loneliness individuals to observed human touch was significantly slower during anodal stimulation compared to high-loneliness individuals, possibly due to them being more emotionally distracted by it. Lonely individuals also reported less liking of touch. Our findings support the notion that lonely individuals are not drawn to positive social cues. This may help explain the perpetuation of loneliness, despite social opportunities that could be available to lonely people.
Journal Article