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Marine litter in coastal areas can bring economic, social, and environmental damage, especially the loss of aesthetic value of a tourist site. Therefore, research on the composition of marine litter to identify its sources is important for planning strategic action to minimize the problem. This study analyzed beach litter composition on five beaches (Kondangmerak, Balekambang, Ungapan, Ngudel, and Goa Cina) along the Indian Ocean coastline in the eastern part of the south Java region, Indonesia. All the beaches are known as the famous touristic beaches of Malang City, and receive many visitors, especially during the holiday season. Beach litter composition was obtained by collecting different types of litter in a 5 x 5 m square transect. Five square transects were placed along the beach strandline at each beach, and intervals of 20 m separated each transect. In each transect, the litter was collected and counted based on its category (plastic, paper, rubber, fabric, processed wood, metal, glass, ceramic, and hazardous items) and size (0.5–2.5cm, 2.5–5cm, 5–10 cm, and > 10 cm). There was a statistically significant variation in the number of litters among the sizes (p<0.05). However, the distribution of beach litter remained consistent across beaches regardless of its size. In general, beach litter with a size > 10 cm was found least on all beaches (< 15%), while the other three size categories were found in similar numbers (in the range of 20% to 50%). Plastic was the dominating type of litter on all beaches. Based on the Clean Coastal Index, all beaches were considered dirty to extremely dirty. All litter on the beaches was the product of tourism activities, and littering habits play a significant role as the source of marine litter in the study areas. Since this is the first study on the marine litter composition in the eastern part of south Java, the results of this study can be used as a baseline for future studies to prevent marine debris pollution and to develop management strategies for reducing the impact of marine debris on the environment.

The consequences of the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) for tourism are briefly outlined, and government actions to revive this economic sector are considered. It is shown that the current crisis is the worst in the entire history of the industry. At the same time, crises open up additional opportunities; innovative solutions are used to meet customer requirements. The main trends of postcrisis measures in our country are highlighted. In Russia, the strategic basis for improving the recreation sector is strengthening domestic tourism; in this regard, regional strategies for development are of particular importance. This direction is declared in the industry program and in the Program for Development of the Far East until 2035, supported by measures and targets for the creation of a tourism cluster in each region of the Far East. It is shown that the socioeconomic program includes the regional Tourism subprogram for the first time. The prerequisites for its implementation are outlined, and the centers of tourist activity revitalization are presented. Taking into consideration the geographical position and size of the Far East, the formation of a cluster policy emphasizes the importance of developing interregional relations, which are currently poorly represented. Even the conditions of territories with advanced development that have preferential treatment for business are not used in establishing relations. A model of the federal tourism interregional scheme of territorial and spatial planning, with a focus on the creation of a comprehensive tourism plan of development, is proposed. The prerequisites, structure, content, and conditions of model formation are pointed out. The implementation of the tasks outlined in the scheme focuses on the integration of the common efforts of all market players in order to form a tourist region as an integral competitive unit.

New technologies and trends have created a highly competitive environment in the tourism industry. Modern tourist products include combined types of holidays with different types of activities (e.g. motor tourism, river and sea cruises with excursion programmes, ecological tourism, camping). Regardless of the type of tourist activity, it is necessary to create conditions for developing tourist routes and attracting tourists. One of such ways is the creation of an intelligent system of tourist support for citizens. The paper presents a description of the functional possibilities of such a system for the organisation of camping. The concept provides the possibility of “intelligent” creation of travel routes, selection of necessary inventory and equipment for this purpose, organisation of a place of temporary stay, etc. The main advantage of the developed concept is the assessment of the state of natural ecosystems through which tourist routes pass, as well as the possibility of monitoring and controlling their condition.

Increased international tourism in large European cities has been a growing social and political issue over the last few years. As the number of urban tourists has rapidly grown, studies have often focused on its socio-spatial consequences, commonly referred to as touristification, and have linked this to gentrification. This connection makes sense within the framework of planetary gentrification theories because the social injustices it generates in cities have a global pattern. However, gentrification is a complex process that must be analytically differentiated from tourism strategies and their effects. Whereas gentrification means a lower income population replaced by one of a higher status, touristification consists of an increase in tourist activity that generally implies the loss of residents. Strategies to appropriate and marketise culture to sustain tourismled economies can also shape more attractive places for foreign wealthy newcomers, whose arrival has been theorised as transnational gentrification. Discussions on the relationship between gentrification, transnational gentrification and touristification are essential, especially regarding how they work in transforming an urban area’s social fabric, for which Seville, Spain’s fourth largest city with an economy specialised in cultural tourism, provides a starting point. The focus is set on the processes’ timelines and similar patterns, which are tested on three consecutive scales of analysis: the city, the historic district and the Alameda neighbourhood. Through the examination of these transformations, the article concludes that transnational gentrification and touristification are new urban strategies and practices to revalorise real estate and appropriate urban surplus in unique urban areas. 在过去的几年里，欧洲大城市国际旅游业的增长已经成为一个日益突出的社会和政治问题。随着城市游客数量的快速增长，研究往往集中于其社会空间后果（这通常被称为旅游者化，touristification），并将其与绅士化联系起来。这种联系在全球绅士化理论的框架内是有意义的，因为它在城市中产生的社会不公正是一种全球规律。然而，绅士化是一个复杂的过程，必须从分析上区别于旅游战略及其影响。绅士化意味着收入较低的人口被地位较高的人口所取代，而旅游业则包括旅游活动的增加，这通常意味着居民的流失。为维持旅游业主导的经济而采取适当的文化营销策略，也可以为外国富裕的新移民创造更有吸引力的地方，他们的到来被理论上称为跨国绅士化。关于绅士化、跨国绅士化和旅游者化之间关系的讨论至关重要，特别是关于它们如何改变城市地区的社会结构，在这方面，经济以文化旅游业为重点的西班牙第四大城市塞维利亚提供了一个研究的起点。我们的研究重点放在过程的时间表和类似规律上，这些规律在三个连续的分析尺度上进行测试：城市、历史地区和阿拉梅达（Alameda）街区。通过对这些转变的考察，本文得出结论，跨国绅士化和旅游者化是在独特的城市地区稳定房地产和适当的城市剩余的新的城市战略和做法。

The increasing urban population and the restructuring of urban economies are the main aspects that determine urban development in the twenty-first century. Rapid urbanization is among the most significant anthropogenic factors that impact ecosystems and sustainability. Urbanization is a “double-edged sword.” Even though it contributes to economic prosperity and social development, at the same time, it poses severe challenges to the natural environment and social system. The scientific community emphasizes the need to investigate the relationship between cities and the environment to comprehend their dynamic interactions related with problems such as climate change, consumption of natural resources, and life quality degradation. Population growth and urbanization are central considerations of the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 11, dealing with making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. Moreover, the new circular economy model is receiving increasing attention globally as a solution to the current production and consumption model, which is based on constant growth and increasing resource input. The objective of this paper was to identify the major challenges occurred due to the rapid urbanization in a coastal city though a qualitative and quantitative waste compositional analysis. The ultimate goal is to propose the waste compositional analysis as a new indicator in the literature for determination of the degree of metabolism in an island region. According to the compositional analysis, the higher the population density in a region, the greater the volume of garbage produced and, consequently, the infrastructure necessary for waste management. Also, the increased seasonal tourist activity leads to an increase in the number of tourist accommodations and services. The results provided may also be applicable in other cities with similar characteristics related with tourism habits and the challenges they may face as a result of the waste production.

We identify 21 predetermined country-level factors that explain marked variations in weekly COVID-19 morbidity and mortality across 91 countries between January and the end of 2020. Besides factors commonly associated with infectious diseases (e.g., population and tourism activities), we discover a list of country characteristics that shape COVID-19 outcomes. Among demographic–geographic factors, the male-to-female ratio, population density, and urbanization aggravate the severity of COVID-19, while education, temperature, and religious diversity mitigate the impact of the pandemic on morbidity and mortality. For the political-legal dimension, democracy and political corruption are aggravating factors. In contrast, female leadership, the strength of legal systems, and public trust in government significantly reduce infections and deaths. In terms of socio-economic aspects, GDP per capita, income inequality, and happiness (i.e., life satisfaction) lead to worse COVID-19 outcomes. Interestingly, technology advancement increases morbidity but reduces mortality. For healthcare factors, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) experience and healthcare infrastructure help countries perform better in combating the pandemic.

In recent years, the ice and snow tourism industry has exhibited a concurrent state of vigorous expansion and intense rivalry. Strengthening competitiveness is of paramount significance for attaining a dominant position in the market. Thus, this study endeavors to dissect the multi-dimensional determinants of the competitiveness of ice and snow tourism destinations from the demand perspective and establish an evaluation framework. Leveraging 48,420 tourist reviews sourced from ten highly reputed ice and snow tourist attractions in Harbin, text features were extracted via the application of Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF). Subsequently, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model was deployed to precisely extract key themes. The sentiment inclination was gauged by SnowNLP. Eventually, the Importance - Performance (IPA) model was utilized to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the ice and snow tourism competitiveness. The outcomes are as follows: (1) Seven prominent themes, namely tourist activities, environment, resources, historical and cultural aspects, cost - performance, service, and experience, were recognized as potent driving forces. (2) Tourists manifested positive emotions and a high degree of approval. (3) The competitiveness score of the Harbin ice and snow tourism destination was determined to be 0.64, with tourist activities constituting the advantage, whereas resources and environment necessitating enhancement. This study transcends the constraints of traditional supply-side-centered research. Innovatively, tourist sentiment was integrated into the evaluation system, thereby augmenting the connotations of the competitiveness evaluation model. Based on the LDA topic clustering results, sentiment analysis was conducted, enhancing the accuracy of portraying tourists’ inner experiences. Concrete and forward-looking strategic recommendations were proffered for augmenting the competitiveness of ice and snow tourism destinations, thereby furnishing theoretical and practical guidance for the high-quality progression of ice and snow tourism.

Purpose Destinations are focal points for tourist activity and thus for the study of tourism. They are, however, notoriously difficult to manage due to their complex systems of stakeholders. Such complexity implies that destinations are driven by a wide range of forces in their internal and external environments. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the diversity and depth of the challenges at play in destination management and, in doing so, review the primary contributions in the field. Design/methodology/approach This is a \"perspective\" paper (i.e. critical literature review). Findings The study of destinations remains an area of active research interest, with the many challenges that arise from within and external to destinations offering much food for thought with respect to their longevity as viable, sustainable and competitive places for tourists to visit. For the future, the need to view destinations as part of a wider system is paramount with them being inescapable from debates on urban planning, economic inequality, transportation and housing and the omnipresence of all things “smart”. Such debates need to incorporate both tourists and resident communities, as the well-being and quality of life of both groups is under threat in many destinations, particularly heritage and culturally rich city destinations around the world, where the term “overtourism” is increasingly heard. Research limitations/implications This study has implications for the integrated and more holistic management of tourist destinations. Practical implications This is a \"perspective\" paper, so it does not offer individual practical implications for destinations. Moreover, it offers a concise and precise summary of core studies in the field and provides a platform for a more future-looking critical debate on the sustainable management of tourist destinations. Social implications Looking ahead, destinations need to be considered as part of a wider system, one that is inclusive of urban planning, economic inequality, transportation and housing, and “smart” initiatives among others. Most importantly, the views of tourist and resident communities need to be considered and incorporated into future planning at the destination level with wellbeing and quality of life indicators being used to identify the real benefits of tourism to both communities. Originality/value Integrated and holistic forms of destination management is the way forward, with the exponential growth of technology, as well as the need to manage the exchange of knowledge and data at the destination level, critical to the sustainability of the competitive destination long into the future.

In recent years, the pan-Arctic region has experienced increasingly extreme fire seasons. Fires in the northern high latitudes are driven by current and future climate change, lightning, fuel conditions, and human activity. In this context, conceptualizing and parameterizing current and future Arctic fire regimes will be important for fire and land management as well as understanding current and predicting future fire emissions. The objectives of this review were driven by policy questions identified by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Working Group and posed to its Expert Group on Short-Lived Climate Forcers. This review synthesizes current understanding of the changing Arctic and boreal fire regimes, particularly as fire activity and its response to future climate change in the pan-Arctic have consequences for Arctic Council states aiming to mitigate and adapt to climate change in the north. The conclusions from our synthesis are the following. (1) Current and future Arctic fires, and the adjacent boreal region, are driven by natural (i.e. lightning) and human-caused ignition sources, including fires caused by timber and energy extraction, prescribed burning for landscape management, and tourism activities. Little is published in the scientific literature about cultural burning by Indigenous populations across the pan-Arctic, and questions remain on the source of ignitions above 70_ N in Arctic Russia. (2) Climate change is expected to make Arctic fires more likely by increasing the likelihood of extreme fire weather, increased lightning activity, and drier vegetative and ground fuel conditions. (3) To some extent, shifting agricultural land use and forest transitions from forest–steppe to steppe, tundra to taiga, and coniferous to deciduous in a warmer climate may increase and decrease open biomass burning, depending on land use in addition to climate-driven biome shifts. However, at the country and landscape scales, these relationships are not well established. (4) Current black carbon and PM2:5 emissions from wildfires above 50 and 65_ N are larger than emissions from heanthropogenic sectors of residential combustion, transportation, and flaring. Wildfire emissions have increased from 2010 to 2020, particularly above 60_ N, with 56% of black carbon emissions above 65_ N in 2020 attributed to open biomass burning – indicating how extreme the 2020 wildfire season was and how severe future Arctic wildfire seasons can potentially be. (5) What works in the boreal zones to prevent and fight wildfires may not work in the Arctic. Fire management will need to adapt to a changing climate, economic development, the Indigenous and local communities, and fragile northern ecosystems, including permafrost and peatlands. (6) Factors contributing to the uncertainty of predicting and quantifying future Arctic fire regimes include underestimation of Arctic fires by satellite systems, lack of agreement between Earth observations and official statistics, and still needed refinements of location, conditions, and previous fire return intervals on peat and permafrost landscapes. This review highlights that much research is needed in order to understand the local and regional impacts of the changing Arctic fire regime on emissions and the global climate, ecosystems, and pan-Arctic communities.

Caves are among the most visited geological features in the world, attracting over 70 million people every year in more than 1,200 caves worldwide, and amounting up to 800 million Euros in entrance fees alone. The global business of show caves employs roughly 25,000 people directly (management, guides), and at least 100 times more people if we consider the connected tourist activities (souvenir shops, local transport, travel agencies, restaurants, and bars). It is estimated that the whole show cave business has a global commercial value of roughly 2 billion Euros, a number that is increasing constantly. Show caves are generally fragile ecosystems, and care should be taken in their management to safeguard their value for future generations. The international scientific (speleological) community has issued international guidelines for the sustainable development and management of show caves eight years ago, but their application is still far from being applied globally, especially in developing and least developed countries. Cave tourism is expected to increase, especially in countries where caves are abundant but not yet considered as tourist attractions, and where economic and political instability slow down the development of tourism. There are still a lot of possibilities for the opening of new show caves, especially in countries with low Gross Domestic Income (GDI), but their management needs to be sustainable, so that caves become a means of sustaining local economies, educating people on these fragile geo- and ecosystems, and protecting contemporarily their scientific and cultural heritage for future generations.