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"Track and field athletes United States History."
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Breaking three hours : trailblazing African American women marathoners
Of 14 million marathon finishers, only twenty were US-born, African American women who finished in under three hours. This documentary is about nine sub-three-hour women, National Black Distance Running Hall of Fame inductees.
Streaming Video
SCIENCE, SPORT, SEX, and the Case of Caster Semenya
In April 2018, the top international governing body for the sport of track and field-the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)-released regulations aimed at limiting the participation of some female athletes competing at the international level in middle-distance running events. The Eligibility Regulations for Female Classification specifically target women with certain differences of sex development (DSDs) and with naturally occurring testosterone levels that exceed those of most other female athletes. To be eligible to compete, such female athletes must lower their testosterone with medication or surgery. This IAAF mandate, which requires unproven medical interventions in otherwise healthy individuals, has prompted considerable debate. Biological sex is far more complicated than junior high school biology might suggest. Although most men have 46 XY chromosomes and most women have 46 XX chromosomes, biological science today recognizes that there are also 46 XX males and 46 XY females. The IAAF regulations apply only to female athletes with 46 XY sex chromosomes with certain DSDs and who compete in women's running events of distances between 400 meters and one mile. The approach taken by the IAAF to developing its latest version of female eligibility regulation is contorted and confusing. Earlier regulations released in 2011 focused on all women with high testosterone. These rules were suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in 2015, following a challenge by the Indian sprinter Dutee Chand, due to a lack of evidence on the relationship between naturally occurring testosterone and in-competition performance.
Journal Article
Constituent Year Effect in Masters Sports: An Empirical View on the Historical Development in US Masters Swimming
A participation-related constituent year effect, has been found to exist in masters sports in that relatively younger masters athletes (i.e., those in the first or second year of a 5-year age category) participate in competitions significantly more often than relatively older masters athletes (i.e., those in the fourth or fifth year of a 5-year age category). The main purpose of this study was to examine if the participation-related constituent year effect in US masters swimming always existed or if it has developed over time at different historical time periods. Using archived data, participation in the US Masters national short course swimming championships at each of the historical time periods in years 1972, 1982, 1992, 2002, 2012 and 2016 were examined as a function of an individual's constituent year within any 5-year age category and across gender and age. The results indicated the existence of a participation-related constituent year effect for each of the six time periods. In particular, a participation-related constituent year effect seemed to have existed from the inception of organized masters swimming competitions in the US but has developed more strongly over the years especially for males and older-aged masters swimmers. Generally, the tendency to participate at National swimming competitions during the first year of an age category was significantly more pronounced, whereas the tendency of participating during the fifth year of an age category was lower. Findings suggest that the 5-year age categories may not provide an equal competitive opportunity especially for relatively older athletes as for those who are relatively younger, but may encourage more strategic periodized training and participation.
Journal Article
Alma Richards
Alma Richards, as an unsung high school student, surprisingly set an Olympic record for the high jump in the 1912 Stockholm Olympics. He was the only native Utahn and member of the LDS church to win an Olympic gold medal in the twentieth century. After a stellar collegiate track career that saw him lead Cornell to three national championships, Richards for two decades reigned as America’s most accomplished multiple-event track and field athlete, winning national titles in five different events. Despite his prominence in the history of American sports, this is the first treatment of his athletic career and personal life. The book traces Richards from his boyhood in rural Parowan, Utah, to Cornell and through his service as an officer in World War I and his teaching career in Los Angeles. His story is that of a remarkable athlete, but also that of a man struggling for personal fulfillment while endeavoring to retain his Mormon heritage amid his changing religious circumstances and participation. More than a century has passed since Alma Richards won an Olympic gold medal, yet this story about man and sport—the drive to excel, victory as validation of hard work, the quest for public recognition and, ultimately, the achievement of self-identity and self-satisfaction—still resonates today.
eBook
Silent Gesture
n 1968, Tommie Smith and his teammate John Carlos won the gold and silver medals, respectively, for the 200 meter dash. Receiving their medals on the dais, they raised their fists and froze a moment in time that will forever be remembered as a powerful day of protest. In this, his autobiography, Smith tells the story of that moment, and of his life before and after it, to explain what that moment meant to him.
InSilent Gesture, Smith recounts his life before and after the 1968 Olympics: his life-long commitment to athletics, education, and human rights. He dispels some of the myths surrounding his and Carlos' act on the dais -- contrary to legend, Smith wasn't a member of the Black Panthers, but a member of the US Olympic Project for Human Rights -- and describes in detail the planning and risks involved in his protest. Smith also details his many years after Mexico City of devotion to human rights, athletics, and education. A unique resource for anyone concerned with international sports, history, and the African American experience,Silent Gesturecontributes a complete picture of one of the most famous moments in sports history, and of a man whose actions always matched his words.
eBook
Profile: Marlon Shirley—Paralympic star
In 2005, he made the difficult decision to drop out of the Paralympic World Cup in Manchester, UK, because of a hamstring injury: \"It was the first time I've ever pulled out of a competition\", he says, pointing out that he once ran a race with two broken arms. For someone who was \"never really that into sports\", the 27-year-old managed to casually break a world record while competing in a local track and field meet in Pocatello, Idaho, in 1997, and became the first amputee to run a sub-11 second 100 m (he ran it in 10·97 s).
Journal Article