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The integration of technology in the classroom should be based on low-cost devices and affordable solutions, allowing educators to fully explore their potential benefits. Product design education is undergoing a profound transformation in response to these changes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the integration of low-cost eye-tracking (ET) technology within a product design process. This research presents a practical case involving a group of design students who incorporated an ET device, as well as an alternative tracking method (AT) that simulates eye movement, to develop a product following a custom design methodology. The impact of both the methodology and the low-cost technology was evaluated through surveys administered to forty-seven students. The evaluation focused primarily on “utility, novelty, and relevance” as key aspects. The results showed consistently high approval ratings for both technologies. However, ET received significantly higher and more favorable evaluations. A detailed analysis of the evaluated elements indicated a strong preference for ET in terms of utility, novelty, and relevance. Furthermore, a correlational analysis revealed that students associated the integration of low-cost technology with usefulness and a positive experience. The findings of this case study highlight that low-cost devices and innovative methodologies are effective tools for enhancing teaching and learning experiences for students, educators, and researchers.

Gaze tracking is gaining relevance in collaborative robotics as a means to enhance human–machine interaction by enabling intuitive and non-verbal communication. This study explores the integration of human gaze into collaborative robotics by demonstrating the possibility of controlling a robotic manipulator with a practical and non-intrusive setup made up of a vision system and gaze-tracking software. After presenting a comparison between the major available systems on the market, OpenFace 2.0 was selected as the primary gaze-tracking software and integrated with a UR5 collaborative robot through a MATLAB-based control framework. Validation was conducted through real-world experiments, analyzing the effects of raw and filtered gaze data on system accuracy and responsiveness. The results indicate that gaze tracking can effectively guide robot motion, though signal processing significantly impacts responsiveness and control precision. This work establishes a foundation for future research on gaze-assisted robotic control, highlighting its potential benefits and challenges in enhancing human–robot collaboration.

Against the dual backdrop of global aging and urbanization, the design of community public spaces for intergenerational integration has become a crucial approach to enhancing the quality of life for children and the elderly. However, existing studies mostly rely on subjective questionnaires and interviews, which struggle to reveal the potential intergenerational neurocognitive differences—particularly lacking quantitative analysis of the subconscious mechanisms in spatial perception between the elderly and children. This study aims to construct a multimodal evaluation system by integrating electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking technology to uncover the differences in neurobehavioral responses between the elderly and child groups in community public spaces. In this study, stratified random sampling was adopted to select community samples and collect spatial images. Based on computer vision (Segment Anything Model), spatial element identification and classification were conducted. Through controlled experiments, EEG and eye-tracking data of 40 participants (25 elderly and 15 children) were synchronously collected to reveal intergenerational differences in spatial cognition. The results show that the elderly and children exhibit significantly different “neuro-behavioral response patterns” in area typologies such as Community Service Areas and Leftover Areas. For instance, the elderly present a “high emotional arousal—high functional attention” pattern in Community Service Areas, while children demonstrate “high exploration—high dynamic attention” characteristics in Leftover Areas. These findings provide empirical evidence for the design of spaces for intergenerational integration from the neurocognitive perspective and offer scientific support for the refined and human-oriented construction strategies of community public spaces.

Background The visual attention provides an objective perspective on how a stimulus take attention. In dentistry, one of the important facial determinants in esthetic perception is the mandibular asymmetry. The study aimed to evaluate the eye movements of the orthodontists and non-professionals on the images with different severity of mandibular asymmetry using eye tracking technology. Methods The eye movements of 26 orthodontists and 30 non-professionals were captured. Thirty images were visually evaluated for the presence of mandibular asymmetry by two orthodontists. 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm chin deviation were simulated on the images and the images without asymmetry were considered as control group. A total of 50 photographs from 10 individuals were included in the study. Participants’ eye movements were recorded using an Eyelink 1000 plus eye-tracking device (Sr-Research, Canada). Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical comparisons. Results The number of fixations on the lower lip-chin area in either the right or left direction did not show a statistically significant difference. (F(1,000;59,000) = 2.133, p  > 0.05, ). Time to first fixation was faster to the lower lip-chin area in 8 mm asymmetry condition compared to 2 mm (F(1,2) = 31.423, p  < 0.05, η p 2  = 0.940). Orthodontists made less fixations before the lower lip-chin area in 8 mm condition compared to 2 mm (F(1,2) = 20.758, p  < 0.05, η p 2  = 0.912). Conclusions While the direction of mandibular asymmetry did not affect voluntary attention, an increase in asymmetry, regardless of profession, attracted more attention to the lower lip-chin area. While the 8 mm asymmetry caught the involuntary attention of orthodontists, the same did not occur in non-professionals.

Introduction: Two aspects of noise annoyance were addressed in the present laboratory study: (1) the disturbance produced by vehicle pass-by noise while engaging in a challenging non-auditory task, and (2) the evaluative response elicited by the same sounds while imagining to relax at home in the absence of a primary activity. Methods and Material: In Experiment 1, N = 29 participants were exposed to short (3-6 s) pass-by recordings presented at graded levels between 50 and 70 dB(A). Concurrent with each sound presentation, they performed a visual multiple-object tracking task, and subsequently rated the annoyance of the sounds on a VAS scale. In Experiment 2, N = 30 participants judged the sounds while imagining to relax, without such a cognitive task. Results and Discussion: Annoyance was reduced when participants were engaged in the cognitively demanding task, in Experiment 1. Furthermore, when occupied with the task, annoyance slightly, but significantly increased with task load. Across both experiments, the magnitude of simultaneously recorded skin conductance responses in the first 1-4 s after the onset of stimulation increased significantly with sound pressure level. Annoyance ratings tended to be elevated across all sound levels, though significantly only in Experiment 2, in participants classified as noise sensitive based on a 52-item questionnaire. Conclusions: The results suggest that noise annoyance depends on the primary activity the listener is engaged in. They demonstrate that phasic skin conductance responses may serve as an objective correlate of the degree of annoyance experienced. Finally, noise sensitivity is once more shown to augment annoyance ratings in an additive fashion.

Background Gaze behavior can serve as an objective tool in undergraduate pre-clinical dental education, helping to identify key areas of interest and common pitfalls in the routine evaluation of tooth preparations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the gaze behavior of undergraduate dental students and dental educators while evaluating a single crown tooth preparation. Methods Thirty-five participants volunteered to participate in the study and were divided into a novice group (dental students, n  = 18) and an expert group (dental educators, n  = 17). Each participant wore a binocular eye-tracking device, and the total duration of fixation was evaluated as a metric to study the gaze behavior. Sixty photographs of twenty different tooth preparations in three different views (buccal, lingual, and occlusal) were prepared and displayed during the experimental session. The participants were asked to rate the tooth preparations on a 100 mm visual analog rating scale and were also asked to determine whether each tooth preparation was ready to make an impression. Each view was divided into different areas of interest. Statistical analysis was performed with a three-way analysis of the variance model with repeated measures. Results Based on the participants’ mean rates, the “best” and the “worst” tooth preparations were selected for analysis. The results showed a significantly longer time to decision in the novices compared to the experts ( P  = 0.003) and a significantly longer time to decision for both the groups in the best tooth preparation compared to the worst tooth preparation ( P  = 0.002). Statistical analysis also showed a significantly longer total duration of fixations in the margin compared to all other conditions for both the buccal ( P  < 0.012) and lingual ( P  < 0.001) views. Conclusions The current study showed distinct differences in gaze behavior between the novices and the experts during the evaluation of single crown tooth preparation. Understanding differences in gaze behavior between undergraduate dental students and dental educators could help improve tooth preparation skills and provide constructive customized feedback.

Objectives Eye tracking has been used in medical radiology to understand observers' gaze patterns during radiological diagnosis. This study examines the visual identification ability of junior hospital dental officers (JHDOs) and dental surgery assistants (DSAs) in radiographic and nonradiographic images using eye tracking technology and examines if there is a correlation. Material and methods Nine JHDOs and nine DSAs examined six radiographic images and 16 nonradiographic images using eye tracking. The areas of interest (AOIs) of the radiographic images were rated as easy, medium, and hard, and the nonradiographic images were categorized as pattern recognition, face recognition, and image comparison. The participants were required to identify and locate the AOIs. Data analysis of the two domains, entire slide and AOI, was conducted by evaluating the eye tracking metrics (ETM) and the performance outcomes. ETM consisted of six parameters, and performance outcomes consisted of four parameters. Results No significant differences were observed for ETMs for JHDOs and DSAs for both radiographic and nonradiographic images. The JHDOs showed significantly higher percentage in identifying AOIs than DSAs for all the radiographic images (72.7% vs. 36.4%, p = .004) and for the easy categorization of radiographic AOIs (85.7% vs. 42.9%, p = .012). JHDOs with higher correct identification percentage in face recognition had a shorter dwell time in AOIs. Conclusions Although no significant relation was observed between radiographic and nonradiographic images, there were some evidence that visual recognition skills may impact certain attributes of the visual search pattern in radiographic images.

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section \"An empirically based minimal reporting guideline\").

Eye tracking provides valuable insight for analyzing visual attention and underlying thinking progress through the observation of eye movements. Here, a transparent, flexible and ultra-persistent electrostatic sensing interface is proposed for realizing active eye tracking (AET) system based on the electrostatic induction effect. Through a triple-layer structure combined with a dielectric bilayer and a rough-surface Ag nanowire (Ag NW) electrode layer, the inherent capacitance and interfacial trapping density of the electrostatic interface has been strongly enhanced, contributing to an unprecedented charge storage capability. The electrostatic charge density of the interface reached 1671.10 μC·m −2 with a charge-keeping rate of 96.91% after 1000 non-contact operation cycles, which can finally realize oculogyric detection with an angular resolution of 5°. Thus, the AET system enables real-time decoding eye movements for customer preference recording and eye-controlled human-computer interaction, supporting its limitless potentiality in commercial purpose, virtual reality, human computer interactions and medical monitoring. Eye tracking systems are crucial for eye health-monitoring and human-machine engineering. Here, Shi et. al. report a transparent and flexible active eye tracking system based on an electrostatic induction effect, enabling visual preference analysis and eye-controlled human-computer interaction.

Metasurface-based optical elements typically manipulate light waves by imparting space-variant changes in the amplitude and phase with a dense array of scattering nanostructures. The highly localized and low optical-quality-factor ( Q ) modes of nanostructures are beneficial for wavefront shaping as they afford quasi-local control over the electromagnetic fields. However, many emerging imaging, sensing, communication, display and nonlinear optics applications instead require flat, high- Q optical elements that provide substantial energy storage and a much higher degree of spectral control over the wavefront. Here, we demonstrate high- Q , non-local metasurfaces with atomically thin metasurface elements that offer notably enhanced light–matter interaction and fully decoupled optical functions at different wavelengths. We illustrate a possible use of such a flat optic in eye tracking for eyewear. Here, a metasurface patterned on a regular pair of eye glasses provides an unperturbed view of the world across the visible spectrum and redirects near-infrared light to a camera to allow imaging of the eye. High optical-quality-factor, non-local metasurfaces enable independent functions across different wavelength bands.