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Total tractor!
\"Total tractor is the best ever book about tractors--from the oldest steam engines to the latest monster machines\"-- Jacket flap.
Book
Design of a magnetorheological
To enhance the vibration isolation functionality of the seat suspension system, particularly in the context of magnetorheological (MR) seat dampers, a pioneering semi-active controller integrating an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) was devised. Firstly, the Bouc-Wen model was employed to establish the dynamic model of the damper based on experimental data, thereby ensuring an accurate description of the actual physical behaviours. Subsequently, the ANFIS technology was employed to develop an inverse model, which detailed the structural design and training process of the inverse model. This resulted in the achievement of precise prediction and control of the damper behaviour. Ultimately, the ANFIS inverse model was integrated with the designed ADRC controller to create an innovative control scheme for the seat suspension system of a two-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model, and a simulation analysis was conducted. The simulation results demonstrate that the root-mean-square (rms) value of the vertical vibration acceleration of the ADRC-controlled suspension system decreased by 68.9 % and 34.4 % in comparison to proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and passive control, respectively. The rms value of the dynamic disturbance of the ADRC-controlled suspension system decreased by 50.0 % and 28.6 % compared to PID control and passive control, respectively. This verifies the performance of the proposed controller, particularly in the precise control of damping force, demonstrating outstanding effectiveness.
Journal Article
Tractors
Describes the many actions that can be accomplished with a tractor, including harvesting, sowing seeds, and spraying crops\"-- Provided by Publisher.
Book
Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of Orchard Tractors Powered by Diesel and Hydrogen Fuel Cell
To reduce the impact of the agricultural sector on the environment, human health and resource depletion, several steps should be taken to develop innovative powertrain systems. The agricultural sector must be involved in this innovation, since diesel-powered tractors are an important source in terms of pollution. In this context, fuel-cell systems have gained importance, making them one of the possible substitutes due to their characteristics featuring almost zero local emissions, low refueling time and high efficiency. However, to effectively assess the sustainability of a fuel-cell tractor, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment, comprising production, use phase and end of life, must be performed. This article presents a comparative analysis, according to different impact categories, of the life cycle impacts of a traditional diesel-powered tractor and a fuel-cell hybrid tractor, designed considering operative requirements and functional constraints. The study was conducted according to the LCA technique (defined by ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards), combining secondary data, mainly derived from studies and reports available in the literature, with the use of the Ecoinvent 3.0 database. The results are presented according to ten different impact categories defined by ReCiPe 2016 v 1.03 at the midpoint level. The findings obtained showed that the fuel-cell tractor allows for a relevant reduction in all the considered categories. The highest-impact reduction, more than 92%, was obtained in the human toxicity non-carcinogenic category, while the lowest reduction, around 4.55%, was observed for the fossil fuel scarcity category, mainly due to the adoption of gray hydrogen which is produced from fossil fuels. As for the climate change category, the fuel-cell tractor showed a reduction of more than 34% in the life cycle impact. Finally, the authors also considered the case of green hydrogen produced using solar energy. In this case, further reductions in the impact on climate change and fossil fuel resource depletion were obtained. However, for the other impact categories, the results were worse compared to using gray hydrogen.
Journal Article
Tractors at work
Tractors at Work uses detailed photographs and decodable text to introduce readers to different tractor models and the kinds of work different tractors can do.
Book
Tractor : the definitive visual history
This is the definitive visual history of the tractor. The complete history of farm machinery, from steam and vintage tractors to the latest combine harvesters is showcased in this lavishly illustrated volume. Packed with images and tractor data on more than 200 iconic machines, The Tractor Book explores the entire range of tractors and farming machines from around the world, such as Fordson Model F and Massey-Harris GP. Histories of famous models, such as John Deere and Massey Ferguson, sit alongside immersive visual tours of celebrated machines. The Tractor Book covers how tractors work, their history, major models and catalogues tractors from every era making this a must-have for anyone fascinated by these extraordinary machines.
Book
Design and Experiment of an Automatic Leveling System for Tractor-Mounted Implements
The body roll of the tractor propagates through its rigid hitch system to the mounted implement, causing asymmetrical soil penetration depths between the implement’s lateral working elements, which affects the operational effectiveness of the implement. To address this issue, this study developed an automatic leveling system based on a dual closed-loop fuzzy Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) algorithm for tractor-mounted implements. The system employed an attitude angle sensor to detect implement posture in real time and utilized two double-acting hydraulic cylinders to provide a compensating torque for the implement that is opposite to the direction of the body’s roll. The relationship model between the implement’s roll angle and the actuator’s response time was established. The controller performed implement leveling by regulating the spool position and holding time of the solenoid directional valve. Simulink simulations showed that under the control of the dual closed-loop fuzzy PID algorithm, the implement’s roll angle adjusted from 10° to 0° in 1.72 s, which was 56.89% shorter than the time required by the fuzzy PID algorithm, with almost no overshoot. This demonstrates that the dual closed-loop fuzzy PID algorithm outperforms the traditional fuzzy PID algorithm. Static tests showed the system adjusted the implement roll angle from ±10° to 0° within 1.3 s. Field experiments demonstrated that the automatic leveling system achieved a maximum absolute error (MaxAE) of 0.91°, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.19°, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.28°, with errors within 0.5° for 92.52% of the time. Results from terrain mutation tests indicate that under a sudden 5° vehicle roll angle change, the system confines implement deviation to ±1.5°. The system exhibits high control precision, stability, and robustness, fulfilling the demands of tractor-mounted implement leveling.
Journal Article
Sustainability Evaluation of Hybrid Agriculture-Tractor Powertrains
Agricultural tractors are highly fuel-consuming and soil/air polluting machines; thus, the introduction of new sustainable technologies, such as hybridization, can be very impactful for the development of electric hybrid agricultural tractors. These vehicles combine the classic internal combustion engine with an electric machine. This paper reports the modeling and simulation, conducted using a simulation software typically used for on-road vehicles, of a two-wheel-drive agricultural tractor in three different configurations: the conventional one, and the series and parallel electric-hybrid powertrains. The simulated task is the trailing of a “big square baler” during the process of straw wrapping and baling. The evaluation and the comparison of the fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and the depth of discharge of the different configurations have been carried out to determine if it is possible to downsize the ICE while maintaining the same performance levels. This study highlights the fact that both the fuel consumption and the CO2 emissions of series and parallel electric-hybrid agricultural tractors are ten times lower and five times lower than those of a traditional tractor, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of an electric machine allows a more precise speed profile tracking. This study points out that the hybridization of agricultural tractor powertrains is one of the most promising approaches for reducing pollutant emissions and fuel consumption.
Journal Article