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\"In 2009, while thru-hiking the Appalachian Trail, Robert Moor began to wonder about the paths that lie beneath our feet: How do they form? Why do some improve over time while others fade? What makes us follow or strike off on our own? Over the course of the next seven years, Moor traveled the globe, exploring trails of all kinds, from the miniscule to the massive. He learned the tricks of master trail-builders, hunted down long-lost Cherokee trails, and traced the origins of our road networks and the Internet. In each chapter, Moor interweaves his adventures with findings from science, history, philosophy, and nature writing--combining the nomadic joys of Peter Matthiessen with the eclectic wisdom of Lewis Hyde's The Gift. Throughout, Moor reveals how this single topic--the oft-overlooked trail--sheds new light on a wealth of age-old questions: How does order emerge out of chaos? How did animals first crawl forth from the seas and spread across continents? How has humanity's relationship with nature and technology shaped the world around us? And, ultimately, how does each of us pick a path through life? With a breathtaking arc that spans from the dawn of animal life to the digital era, On Trails is a book that makes us see our world, our history, our species, and our ways of life anew\"--Book jacket flap.

Thoreau spent much of his career preoccupied with thinking and with animals. In many of his excursions in the woods, he would be deep in thought when an owl, rabbit, otter, or some other creature's movements would catch his eye. Oftentimes, the animal and the tracks they left behind would lead him on a new trajectory, both mentally and physically. This essay focuses on moments of Thoreauvian epiphany when his thoughts, his walking body, and his animal encounters collide. In these moments, Thoreau successfully reads his own thoughts through the paths he takes just as he attempts to interpret animals' thoughts through the tracks they leave behind. By examining fox and moose tracks and walking in them in \"Natural History of Massachusetts\" (1842) and \"Ktaadn\" from The Main Woods (1864), Thoreau employs sympathetic tracking to produce animalistic thinking that leads him to some of his greatest epiphanies.

This paper examines the connection between endurance athletes, their bodies, the world, and the present through the lens of trail running, a competitive race in which athletes cover distances longer than a marathon. The study draws on Platonic texts, Rosa’s theory of resonance, and Hadot’s concept of oceanic feeling to understand how running helps athletes connect with the landscape, their bodies, and the present. According to Platonic writings, running immerses athletes in a state of active presence, while Hadot argues that running provokes feelings of wonder and apprehension that he calls “oceanic feelings,” which connect athletes to their bodies and the world. Rosa’s theory of resonance posits that consonance between the athlete and the surrounding landscape helps establish a connection between the athlete, their body, and the world.

The issue of globalization of research is receiving considerable attention due to the increasing number of offshored R&D activities from the United States, Europe, and Japan. This paper explores this phenomenon and provides a model to analyze the factors that will likely contribute to a global transformation of clinical trials. By identifying the main characteristics of clinical trials, I aim to clarify the main driver of the relocation process of clinical research. I reviewed the relevant published articles to address the research questions. The results of this study challenge the traditional thinking of cost-related factors as the major reason for offshoring cilinical trials and show the importance of the recruitment of human subjects in trials. Consequently, this paper suggests that “recruitment crisis” in home country as the main contribution and a key driver to offshore R&D activities, has been underestimated by previous studies. In particular, this study provides policy-decision makers with a new insight into the development issue surrounding the pharmaceutical industry.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the attractiveness of the Tong Ren Tang (TRT) as a Chinese corporate heritage tourism brand and consider the significance of TRT for Chinese national identity. The study considers the saliency of Balmer’s augmented role identity notion vis-à-vis corporate heritage institutions/corporate brands. Insights are made from and for corporate heritage, heritage tourism and national identity literature. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual model comprising five hypotheses was developed and this informed a survey-based questionnaire administered to domestic tourists/customers visiting Tong Ren Tang’s flagship shop in Beijing. Findings The attractiveness to domestic Chinese tourists/customers of the TRT corporate heritage tourism brand was found to be attributable to its multiple role identities: national, corporate, temporal, familial and imperial. As such, this study lends credence to Balmer’s augmented role identity notion. Chinese domestic tourists/customers – as members of an ethnic Chinese community – in visiting TRT not only consume an extant corporate heritage by tangible and intangible means but can also be seen to express, and reaffirm, their sense of Chinese national identity. Practical implications For TRT’s managers, there should be an appreciation that the attractiveness of TRT as a corporate heritage tourism brand rests not only on what it sells but also in what it symbolises in national and cultural terms. This finding is applicable to the managers of many other corporate heritage/corporate heritage tourism brands. Social implications Adopting a primordial perspective, the TRT pharmacy was found to be of singular significance to China’s national identity. Traditional Chinese Medicine, Confucian and Daoist religious/philosophical and China’s erstwhile Imperial polity are significant and enduring precepts of Chinese national identity. As such the TRT flagship shop/brand is of singular importance, as China has eviscerated much of its cultural heritage – particularly in relation to its corporate heritage brands. Originality/value This is the first empirical study to focus on corporate heritage tourism brands and one of the first studies to examine a Chinese corporate heritage/corporate heritage tourism brand. Also significant in focussing on the TRT corporate heritage brand. Established in 1669, TRT’s history spans five centuries: a corporate provenance which is exceptional within the People’s Republic of China. The study links the corporate brand notion with the nascent corporate heritage brand domain and the established area of heritage tourism.

Kafka has been discussed at length both in literature theory and in philosophy. This study analyses Kafka's short but enigmatic text Before the Law this text both as an independent narrative and as a part of Kafka's novel The Trial, and tries to determine the difference between the two 'versions'. This analysis is based on the assumption that Josef K., the protagonist of The Trial, represents modern man, who is guilty indeed, instead of interpreting him as a victim of some kind of oppressive system. Therefore, this study focusses on the specific qualities of the spacing before the Law, with all its artistic, philosophical and theological peculiarities, and intends to demonstrate that the space before the law constitutes a crossroad of Literature (art), Philosophy, Psychoanalysis, and Theology within the context of law and justice.

Cognitive models are generally here-and-now things: interested in how we think right now, and not how we got this way. But recent theories of cognitive processing insist on a more embracing approach, locating habits of thought in complex ecological beds. This essay offers a history of the thesis of extended cognition, the claim that thinking is best conceptualized as an evolving relationship between thinkers and the tools of thought. Thinking, in other words, is distributed among persons and technical objects. One route to this history is a technical gesture practiced by Bruno Latour—the use of a particular navigational instrument—which has emerged in Latour’s writings as a constitutive example of how persons and things think together. It so happens that the person to tinker around with such an instrument, the first such navigational tool, was Robert Hooke. Hooke was part of a group of projectors tinkering in Restoration London; like Latour, this group offered thoughts on how cognition leans on technical objects—a process they called “excogitation.” Recovering Hooke’s practice, therefore, helps establish the history of a modern concept—of thought as an ecological property.

Money is everywhere in science. Yet historians have only rarely placed the money trail at the center of their analyses. The essays in this Focus section demonstrate that following the money offers a historiographical path for investigating a number of key issues across disciplinary boundaries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on cases and materials relating to a number of scientific fields, including electrical engineering, aeronautics, agriculture, and paleontology, the essays examine the continuous role of money in industrial and military patronage, personal connections and networks, and spatial and geographical dimensions of science, as well as in relation to state funding and ownership. Together, the contributions demonstrate how following the money offers a way of overcoming hyperprofessionalism in the history of science.

In the summer of 2000, David Hlavsa and his wife Lisa Holtby embarked on a pilgrimage. After trying for three years to conceive a child and suffering through the monthly cycle of hope and disappointment, they decided to walk the Camino de Santiago, a joint enterprise-and an act of faith-they hoped would strengthen their marriage and prepare them for parenthood.Though walking more than 400 miles across the north of Spain turned out to be more difficult than they had anticipated, after a series of misadventures, including a brief stay in a Spanish hospital, they arrived in Santiago. Shortly after their return to Seattle, Lisa became pregnant, and the hardships of the Camino were no comparison to what followed: the stillbirth of their first son and Lisa's harrowing second pregnancy.Walking Distanceis a moving and disarmingly funny book, a good story with a happy ending-the safe arrival of David and Lisa's second son, Benjamin. David and Lisa get more than they bargained for, but they also get exactly what they wanted: a child, a solid marriage, and a richer life.