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Ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) of Trametes orientalis polysaccharides was optimized by response surface methodology. Hepatoprotective effects of a purified T. orientalis polysaccharide (TOP-2) were evaluated by alcohol-induced liver injury model mice. The optimal UMAE parameters were indicated as below: ratio of water to raw material 28 mL/g, microwave power 114 W, extraction time 11 min. The polysaccharides yield was 7.52 ± 0.12%, which was well consistent with the predicted value of 7.54%. Pre-treatment with TOP-2 effectively increased the liver index and spleen index in alcohol-treated mice. The elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of mice after alcohol exposure were inhibited by TOP-2 administration. The liver tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels have decreased significantly as a result of alcohol exposure, while pre-treatment with TOP-2 could mitigate these consequences. Furthermore, pre-treatment with TOP-2 could efficiently boost the superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and observably constrain the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The findings suggest that TOP-2 might be useful for alleviating the alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.

Elastomer are elastic polymers that have many real-world applications, including functional films, architectural soundproofing, cable sheaths, shoe absorbers, packaging, cushioning and rubber. During production and degradation, elastomers produce harmful substance such as irritating fumes, which affect the environment. To replace elastomers, mycelium mats were produced by gamma-ray mutated mycelium of Trametes orientalis (ToGM) on a substrate composed of oak sawdust and rice bran, followed by surface modification including acetylation, benzoylation, silane treatment, and physical/chemical treatments such as corn-zein coating and thermal pressing. As a result, three types of elastomer analogs were prepared: acetylation-based sample (ACHP), benzoylation-based sample (BCHP), and silane-based sample (SCHP). The densities of ACHP, BCHP, and SCHP were 1.32, 1.38, and 1.35 g/cm3, respectively, and the young’s modulus was 2.32, 2.44, and 2.06 MPa, which were found to be the elastomeric region of the material property chart. In addition, the surface properties of the ToGM elastomers were hydrophilic, as confirmed by water contact angle, and the thermal stability was generally stable up to 200°C With further tuning of the properties, mycelial elastomers can function as sustainable elastomer substitutes in some industrial and daily life applications, while reducing the environmental pollution caused by conventional production processes and disposal.

Fungal treatment followed by FeCl₃ treatment was used to improve saccharification of wood from Populus tomentosa. Combined treatments accumulated lignin and slightly degraded cellulose, whereas almost all hemicelluloses were removed. The white rot fungus, Trametes orientalis, and the brown rot fungus, Fomitopsis palustris, both accompanied by FeCl₃ post-treatment resulted in 98.8 and 99.7 % of hemicelluloses loss at 180 °C, respectively, which were over twice than that of hot water pretreatment at the same level. In addition, the solid residue from the T. orientalis-assisted and F. palustris-assisted FeCl₃ treatment at 180 °C released 84.5 and 95.4 % of reducing sugars, respectively: 1.4- and 1.6-fold higher than that of FeCl₃ treatment alone at the same temperature. Combined treatments disrupted the intact cell structure and increased accessible surface area of cellulose therefore enhancing the enzymatic digestibility, as evidenced by XRD and SEM analysis data.

Today, there is a growing interest in eco-friendly processes that are greatly needed as a result of the worldwide problem of environmental pollution. In this study, ricinoleic acid was autoxidized in the presence of silver nitrate in order to prepare ricinoleic acid macroperoxide initiator with silver nanoparticles (PriciAg). Beech ( Fagus orientalis Lipsky) sapwood samples were impregnated with the solution of PriciAg under vacuum in a small-scale impregnation container. Thermal polymerization of styrene with PriciAg was carried out inside the Beech sapwood samples leading to wood composite material containing polystyrene-g-ricinoleic acid with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The decay test of wood treated with AgNPs against white-rot ( Trametes versicolor ) fungus was then investigated. Insect resistance was performed with Trichoferus holosericeus Rossi. In addition, the leaching test was carried out according to the EN 84 standard and silver content in leached water measured by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis (AWPA A7). Chemical characterization of the modified wood was characterized using FTIR-ATR technique. The nano silver obtained via environmentally friendly processes exhibited high potential activity against white rot fungus. In addition, the AgNPs showed a higher resistance to leaching because of the polystyrene, as demonstrated by the resistance of treated samples to decay compared with that of the control. Leached and unleached test samples indicated the same mass loss after decay tests. FTIR spectra showed that characteristic peak values of polystyrene and ricinoleic acid appeared at 2980 cm −1 and 1728 cm −1 , respectively in the impregnated wood. Graphical abstract

The effect of plasma treatment on strength properties of wood-based composites was studied. Veneers were obtained from beech logs (Fagus orientalis L.) and treated with 3 % of Tanalith E and Celcure AC-500. Two types of gasses (O₂ and N₂) were tested for plasma treatment. The effect of plasma treatment on bonding shear strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity of plywood panels were determined according to EN 314-1 and EN 310, respectively. Surface roughness, leaching, decay test against white (Trametes versicolor) and brown rot [Postia placenta (FPRL 280)] and ground contact test of plywood samples were evaluated after plasma treatment. Results showed that plasma treatment with O₂ increased the bonding strength of plywood compared to control and treated groups. However, plasma treatment slightly increased the mass losses caused by white rot, but decreased mass losses caused by brown rot in some groups. Regarding leaching test, plasma treatment slightly increased the leaching rate of copper in some groups. Ground contact test revealed that there was no delamination in bonding line on the plasma-treated samples.