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This book is a presentation of the basic concept of social, environmental and cultural connectivity in past societies, as embodied in a diversity of disciplines in the Cluster of Excellence ROOTS. Thus, rather pragmatically driven ideas of socio-environmental connectivities are described, which form the basis of the Cluster of Excellence in its research. A discussion of the fluidness of the term ‘connectivity’ and the applicability of the concept opens the arena for diverse interpretations. With various case and concept studies, the reader may advance into the perspectives that develop from the new interdisciplinary interaction. These include both rarely considered dependencies between nomadic and urban lifestyles, and aspects of water supply and water features, which represent an area of connectivity between the environment and agglomerated human settlement structures. Moreover, diachronic aspects are presented in various studies on the role of connectivities in the development of social inequality, the use of fortification or also waste behaviour, and the creation of linguistic features in written media. In sum, facets of connectivity research are revealed that are also being investigated in numerous other disciplines with further results in the Kiel Excellence Cluster ROOTS.

Food system research requires an understanding of system actors and activities. To this end, we codesigned and conducted a food system mapping process in 2 regions, one in Kenya and the other in Bolivia, that stretches from mountains to lowlands and involves sites of interconnected food system strategies related to these habitats. We adapted an existing method of mapping local food webs to an approach that subdivides food systems into 4 subsystems: operational, political, information and services, and natural resources. Through the mapping process, a group of local and external researchers and practitioners identified the most important food value chains in the study areas. They also identified the value chains' reach, as well as related actors; flows of knowledge, information, and finance; and the natural resources the food systems depend on. A power/interest matrix complemented the mapping results with information about different actors' roles in the food systems; this can help to identify the best target groups and entry points for efforts to improve the sustainability of food systems in the diverse habitats forming part of these food systems. Mapping and a brief analysis of actors and interests are first steps toward assessing the sustainability of a food system. The participatory nature of our approach enhanced coordination between projects of research and practice and helped to increase the relevance and applicability of the mapping results and related activities.

Currently installed wastewater treatment systems in many developing countries are unsustainable, failing in either the social, economic or ecological dimension of sustainability. Nexus research looking at resources involved in wastewater treatment could support the transition towards more sustainable systems. Nexus thinking aims to overcome bio-physical systems thinking by including transdisciplinary research methods. Approaches for integrating results from different types of analysis and disciplinary backgrounds are scarce and have not been described extensively in nexus research. Transdisciplinary research suggests creating system, target and transformation knowledge as a common framework to describe meaningful transformations. Our goal is to show how a better understanding of the level of knowledge created by different types of analysis can pave the way towards integrating results for sustainability. In this article, three types of analysis, namely sustainability assessment, stakeholder perspective analysis and wickedness analysis, were applied in two pilot case wastewater treatment systems in Latin America. Through a three-step process, generated knowledge was assessed for each type of analysis individually while also highlighting synergies between them. The results demonstrate that structuring results by generated knowledge type can help combining outcomes in a meaningful manner. The findings show that technical flaws are present and fixable, and that issues relating to behaviours or values are more challenging to address but arguably more meaningful for systemic change.

While there is a growing consensus about the role of academia in tackling the grand challenges of sustainability, the current incentive and reward system does not yet provide the right environment. Inter- and transdisciplinary research centers can bring about the needed cultural change.Research centers have emerged as organizational structures to meet the manifold expectations raised towards sustainability science, a field characterized by high levels of inter- and transdisciplinarity. In this article, we assess the impact of the Competence Center Environment and Sustainability (CCES) of the ETH Domain. Encompassing more than 800 participants from six research institutions in Switzerland, the research center has been in operation for ten years (2006 to 2016). Focusing on its three areas of activity - research, education, and outreach - we analyze which decisions have influenced the development and legacy of CCES. We formulate five recommendations, which could prove useful for the future design and evaluation of comparable enterprises. Finally, we conclude that the academic incentive and reward system has to open up for inter- and transdisciplinarity. Research centers like CCES can facilitate this cultural change by providing the necessary academic environment and forming a new generation of researchers in key fields.

For millennia Indigenous communities worldwide have maintained diverse knowledge systems informed through careful observation of dynamics of environmental changes. Although Indigenous communities and their knowledge systems are recognized as critical resources for understanding and adapting to climate change, no comprehensive, evidence-based analysis has been conducted into how environmental studies engage Indigenous communities. Here we provide the first global systematic review of levels of Indigenous community participation and decision-making in all stages of the research process (initiation, design, implementation, analysis, dissemination) in climate field studies that access Indigenous knowledge. We develop indicators for assessing responsible community engagement in research practice and identify patterns in levels of Indigenous community engagement. We find that the vast majority of climate studies (87%) practice an extractive model in which outside researchers use Indigenous knowledge systems with minimal participation or decision-making authority from communities who hold them. Few studies report on outputs that directly serve Indigenous communities, ethical guidelines for research practice, or providing Indigenous community access to findings. Further, studies initiated with (in mutual agreement between outside researchers and Indigenous communities) and by Indigenous community members report significantly more indicators for responsible community engagement when accessing Indigenous knowledges than studies initiated by outside researchers alone. This global assessment provides an evidence base to inform our understanding of broader social impacts related to research design and concludes with a series of guiding questions and methods to support responsible research practice with Indigenous and local communities.

Although the importance of pursuing meaningful and equitable transdisciplinary research collaborations with Indigenous and local community members has been established in the literature, challenges remain as to how to best do this in practice. Pursuing arts-based participatory research methods in two different ocean governance contexts in South Africa, this paper provides reflections by social and marine scientists, Indigenous and local community members, and artists taking part in transdisciplinary collaborations as co-researchers and co-facilitators. Centralizing the use of arts-based methods in the form of storytelling and photography, we consider some key lessons emerging from this transdisciplinary research for transformative ocean governance. This includes the need to actively critique and disrupt the invented roles of “researchers” and “research participants” and to build strong relationships and trust prior to the envisioned research process. We argue that the use of arts-based participatory methods has supported meaningful learning across multiple ways of relating to and connecting with the ocean and highlight inherent barriers to truly collaborative transdisciplinary research that are relevant for projects in different contexts and at various scales, such as the inequity of academic publishing processes and ownership of knowledge outputs. Despite continuous difficulties in ensuring equitable valuation of various knowledge systems, we find that arts-based participatory processes are valuable in advancing what we refer to as “comprehensive transdisciplinarity,” where non-academic co-researchers take part in conceptualization, methods formation, and dissemination of the research. We propose some critical questions that can assist teams considering transdisciplinary collaborations and conclude with some lessons and recommendations for academic institutions to better support equitable transdisciplinary collaborations that are needed to advance deep transformations toward sustainability.

Until recently, developing health technologies was time-consuming and expensive, and often involved patients, doctors, and other health care professionals only as passive recipients of the end product. So far, users have been minimally involved in the ideation and creation stages of digital health technologies. In order to best address users' unmet needs, a transdisciplinary and user-led approach, involving cocreation and direct user feedback, is required. In this context, hackathon events have become increasingly popular in generating enthusiasm for user-centered innovation. This case study describes preparatory steps and the performance of a health hackathon directly involving patients and health care professionals at all stages. Feasibility and outcomes were assessed, leading to the development of systematic recommendations for future hackathons as a vehicle for bottom-up innovation in health care. A 2-day hackathon was conducted in February 2017 in Berlin, Germany. Data were collected through a field study. Collected field notes were subsequently discussed in 15 informal meetings among the research team. Experiences of conducting two further hackathons in December 2017 and November 2018 were included. In total, 30 participants took part, with 63% (19/30) of participants between 25 and 34 years of age, 30% (9/30) between 35 and 44 years of age, and 7% (2/30) younger than 25 years of age. A total of 43% (13/30) of the participants were female. The participation rate of medical experts, including patients and health care professionals, was 30% (9/30). Five multidisciplinary teams were formed and each tackled a specific health care problem. All presented projects were apps: a chatbot for skin cancer recognition, an augmented reality exposure-based therapy (eg, for arachnophobia), an app for medical neighborhood connectivity, a doctor appointment platform, and a self-care app for people suffering from depression. Patients and health care professionals initiated all of the projects. Conducting the hackathon resulted in significant growth of the digital health community of Berlin and was followed up by larger hackathons. Systematic recommendations for conducting cost-efficient hackathons (n≤30) were developed, including aspects of community building, stakeholder engagement, mentoring, themes, announcements, follow-up, and timing for each step. This study shows that hackathons are effective in bringing innovation to health care and are more cost- and time-efficient and potentially more sustainable than traditional medical device and digital product development. Our systematic recommendations can be useful to other individuals and organizations that want to establish user-led innovation in academic hospitals by conducting transdisciplinary hackathons.

While funding agencies promote transdisciplinary approaches, significant barriers persist. Successful transdisciplinary research (TDR) demands embracing different ways of knowing, addressing power imbalances, and accepting slower, more complex research processes. Drawing from the experience with BactoHealing, the authors demonstrate how genuine transdisciplinarity requires courage, trust, and institutional support to challenge traditional frameworks. While funding agencies promote transdisciplinary approaches, significant barriers persist. Successful transdisciplinary research (TDR) demands embracing different ways of knowing, addressing power imbalances, and accepting slower, more complex research processes. Drawing from the experience with BactoHealing, the authors demonstrate how genuine transdisciplinarity requires courage, trust, and institutional support to challenge traditional frameworks.

Transdisciplinary collaboration is well-established in sustainability science scholarship. Stakeholders from the cultural and artistic sector can significantly enrich the co-creation process by providing diverse perspectives on caring for people and places in marginalized areas. A key challenge is engaging these stakeholders early in the co-design phase to foster a sense of co-ownership and shared responsibility. To date, artists and cultural experts are mostly involved as service-providers, with little opportunity to embed their visions and values in the project at stake. Drawing on a legacy of transdisciplinary and participatory action research, we present an early collaboration involving architects, designers, cultural and sports association members, educators, farmers, workshop facilitators, and artists. This collaboration focused on co-creating a rural festival to showcase and connect commoning initiatives, and to foster a sense of care for community and environment, in a moment of vulnerability and isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our case study illustrates how festivals can catalyze enthusiasm and energy, engaging the wider public in lived experiences of collective care for social-ecological systems, and providing a platform for marginalized voices, challenging dominant narratives about rural livelihoods and well-being. The research highlights the potential for creating actionable knowledge that is reflective of local contexts and needs. Results also demonstrate how arts- and place-based methods can provide boundary objects that blur disciplinary differences and facilitate dialogue on complex and sensitive sustainability-related issues. We discuss how these methods can be further incorporated into transdisciplinary research and reflect on the practical and ethical challenges posed by early co-design and festive events.

Convergence of the life sciences with fields including physical, chemical, mathematical, computational, engineering, and social sciences is a key strategy to tackle complex challenges and achieve new and innovative solutions. However, institutions face a lack of guidance on how to establish effective programs, what challenges they are likely to encounter, and what strategies other organizations have used to address the issues that arise. This advice is needed to harness the excitement generated by the concept of convergence and channel it into the policies, structures, and networks that will enable it to realize its goals. Convergence investigates examples of organizations that have established mechanisms to support convergent research. This report discusses details of current programs, how organizations have chosen to measure success, and what has worked and not worked in varied settings. The report summarizes the lessons learned and provides organizations with strategies to tackle practical needs and implementation challenges in areas such as infrastructure, student education and training, faculty advancement, and inter-institutional partnerships.