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Cognitive and working memory training : perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, and human development
\"Cognitive and Working Memory Training assembles an interdisciplinary group of distinguished authors--all experts in the field--who have been testing the efficacy of cognitive and working memory training using a combination of behavioral, neuroimaging, meta-analytic, and computational modelling methods. This edited volume is a defining resource on the practicality and utility of the field of cognitive training research in general, and working memory training in particular. Importantly, one focus of the book is on the notion of transfer--namely, the extent to which cognitive training--be it through music, video-game play, or working memory demanding interventions at school--generalizes to learning and performance measures that were decidedly not part of the training regimen. As most cognitive scientists (and perhaps many casual observers) recognize, the notions of cognitive training and transfer have been widely controversial for many reasons, including disagreement over the reliability of outcomes and consensus on methodological \"best practices,\" and even the ecological validity of laboratory-based tests. This collection does not resolve these debates of course; but its contribution is to address them directly by creating an exchange in a single compendium among scientists who, in separate research publications, do not always reach the same conclusions. The book is organized around comprehensive overview chapters from different disciplinary perspectives--Cognitive Psychology (by Hicks and Engle), Neuroscience (by Kuchinsky and Haarmann), and Development (by Ling and Diamond)--that define major issues, terms, and themes in the field, with a pointed set of challenge questions to which other scientists respond in subsequent chapters. The goal of this volume is to educate. It is designed for students and researchers, and perhaps the armchair psychologist. Crucially, the contributors recognize that it is good for science to persistently confront our understanding of an area: Debate and alternative viewpoints, backed by theory, data, and inferences drawn from the evidence, is what advances scientific knowledge. This book probes established paradigms in cognitive training research, and the long-form of these chapters (not found in scientific journals) allows detailed exploration of the current state of the science. Such breadth intends to invite novel ways of thinking about the nature of cognitive and perceptual plasticity, which may enlighten either new efforts at training, new inferences about prior results, or both\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The mediating effects of work conditions on the relationship between intrinsic motivators and training transfer
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the relationship between intrinsic motivators and the transfer of knowledge/skills gained during training to work. The intrinsic motivators considered for the study were self-efficacy and motivation to transfer the training knowledge. The study also examined how work conditions mediate the association of intrinsic motivators and training transfer. The working conditions considered in the study were autonomy and the opportunity to perform in the job.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 426 participants from microfinance institutions in Karnataka, India, who had received a three-week job training six months earlier. Data were collected using a questionnaire and structural equation modelling was performed for the analysis of the data.
Findings
The study found positive significant relationships between motivation motivators and training transfer of learning. Positive relationships were also seen between work conditions and training transfer of learning acquired via training. The study also established the role of intrinsic motivators in predicting training transfer through work conditions.
Originality/value
This study stands among the pioneering works to investigate the influence of intrinsic motivators on training transfer, while also examining the mediating role of work conditions. It focuses on an emerging economy, specifically India, thereby contributing valuable insights to the field.
Journal Article
Motivation on training transfer: a moderated moderation model of personal capacity for transfer and gender
Purpose
Previous research suggests that motivation to transfer is related to the effective transfer of training, but less is known about the boundary conditions of this relationship. Therefore, this study aims to propose that motivation to transfer is more strongly related to training transfer when employees have a stronger personal capacity for transfer. The author also hypothesizes that this two-way interaction is further moderated by gender.
Design/methodology/approach
Using a cross-sectional design and a sample of 257 Tunisian workers, a three-way interaction model with the PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2018) was used to test the hypotheses.
Findings
Results show that workers respond to motivation to transfer with increased training transfer. Personal capacity for transfer and gender moderated the proposed relationship. Thus, the interaction effect between motivation to transfer and personal capacity for transfer is significant for women but not significant for men. More specifically, motivation to transfer is more likely to predict training transfer among women with high personal capacity for transfer than among those with low.
Originality/value
This study adds to the literature on motivation to transfer and training transfer by explaining two boundary conditions in this relationship and by recognizing the conditional interaction effect of gender on the moderating effect of personal capacity for transfer.
Journal Article
Beyond supervisors’ support: influencing (international) technical training transfer
Purpose
This paper aims to provide an understanding of influencing motivation and volition in the transfer of learning within the context of technical training in different countries by controlling predictors.
Design/methodology/approach
In six countries, employees from one automotive company’s service centres were asked to complete two online questionnaires after a blended learning training program with technical content (t1: 7 to 12 days after the training, t2: 5 to 7 weeks after). In total, 441 technical staff members participated.
Findings
Results suggest that motivation and volition mediate the effects of peer support, content validity and supervisor support on training transfer after a technical training. The outcomes show that peer support has an important influence on motivation and that national culture is less important than company culture.
Research limitations/implications
The results should be tested further in different trainings, companies and countries.
Originality/value
This is one of the first international studies to confirm peer support and content validity as predictors for motivation to transfer after technical training. It is also the first instance of exploring possible mediation by motivation and volition on peer support and content validity after technical training in an intercultural context.
Journal Article
“It’s just a matter of culture”: an explorative study on the relationship between training transfer and work performance
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to explore the moderating role of organizational learning culture in the relationship between training transfer and work performance.
Design/methodology/approach
A convenience group of 164 workers filled in an online questionnaire based on retrospective data about the last training experience they attended. Participants were 87 workers who attended an online course within the last six months. A moderated path analysis was tested to highlight the moderating role of learning culture in the relationships between training transfer and three dimensions of work performance (i.e. proficiency, adaptivity and proactivity), controlling for gender, age, training contents and length.
Findings
Training transfer and learning culture were positively related to each dimension of work performance. Learning culture showed a significant moderation effect in the relationship between training transfer and each dimension of work performance, namely proficiency, adaptivity and proactivity.
Originality/value
The study highlighted the role of organizational learning culture in influencing the process of training transfer: culture was proved to be associated not only with proficiency, adaptivity and proactivity but also to contribute creating the positive conditions that may allow training transfer.
Journal Article
Performance coaching and training transfer in micro, small and medium enterprises of India: examining the mediating role of employee agility
PurposeThe study investigates the role of performance coaching (PC) and employee agility (EA) in training transfer (TT). Research reveals that initially 40% of trainees struggle to apply what they've learned, increasing to 70% after a year, resulting in just a 50% overall training success rate. Following Holton et al.'s learning transfer system (LTS) framework, much research explores the factors affecting TT in various contexts, emphasizing organizational contexts, individual factors and training design, mainly in large corporations. This research, however, delves into the influence of PC (as an organizational context) and EA (as an individual characteristic) on TT in medium- and small-scale Indian enterprises. Building on the resource-based view (RBV) theory, the study also examines how EA mediates the relationship between PC and TT.Design/methodology/approachFollowing LTS framework and building on the RBV theory, the survey research has been designed. Using a validated instrument, data from 411 respondents of Indian micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) by SPSS-AMOS.FindingsThe result proved that PC and EA exert a significant and positive influence on TT. Further, the result proved that EA mediates the relationship between PC and TT.Originality/valueThe research is unique and original, as little research are available on the exploration of the interplay between PC and EA within the framework of MSMEs.
Journal Article
The effect of basic strength exercises on the development of physical attributes in students
Modern research in physical training shows increasing interest in optimizing training methods, particularly regarding the use of basic strength exercises. Although these exercises are widely applied in sports practice, their complex impact on various physical qualities remains insufficiently explored. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a training program incorporating basic strength exercises (squats, bench press, deadlift) on the development of physical qualities in students, compared to a traditional general physical training program. Materials and methods. The study involved 120 students over 24 weeks, divided into a control group (CG, n = 60) and an experimental group (EG, n = 60). The main evaluation methods were: determining the maximum strength in basic exercises and the Cooper test. Students in CG were engaged in physical education according to the traditional curriculum twice a week for 90 minutes. Students in EG also trained twice a week for 90 minutes, but the content of the training sessions was modified according to the type of sports training in strength athletics. The EG program was based on three basic strength exercises from this sport: back squats, bench press, and deadlift (classic version). Results. Students in EG demonstrated significantly greater (p < 0.001) gains in performance: maximum strength increased by 19-21%, aerobic endurance - by 17.3% versus 7-8% and 7.2% in the control group, respectively. The effect size of the training program modification was d = 1.24-2.12 for different tests. The results confirm the hypothesis about the advantage of a combined training method. Of particular interest is the identified transfer of training - improvement in aerobic performance during strength-oriented training, which is consistent with modern concepts of systemic adaptation of the body to various types of physical activity. Conclusions. Inclusion of basic strength exercises in the educational process leads to a comprehensive improvement in the physical qualities of students and can be recommended for optimizing physical education programs. A promising direction for further research is to study the effect of the proposed methodology on a long-term time interval.
Journal Article
Training Transfer: An Integrative Literature Review
Given the proliferation of training transfer studies in various disciplines, we provide an integrative and analytical review of factors impacting transfer of training. Relevant empirical research for transfer across the management, human resource development (HRD), training, adult learning, performance improvement, and psychology literatures is integrated into the review. We synthesize the developing knowledge regarding the primary factors influencing transfer—learner characteristics, intervention design and delivery, and work environment influences—to identify variables with substantive support and to discern the most pressing gaps. Ultimately, a critique of the state of the transfer literature is provided and targeted suggestions are outlined to guide future empirical and theoretical work in a meaningful direction.
Journal Article
Investigating tools and techniques to promote workplace training transfer
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to guide decision-makers in the learning and development space with effective and efficient training transfer tools and techniques to facilitate workplace implementation of skills and knowledge disseminated during training interventions.
Design/methodology/approach
Insights were drawn using a quantitative method study involving survey questionnaire responses from 300 respondents representing eight industry sectors.
Findings
Investigations revealed that the effectiveness and efficiency of training transfer tools are strongly correlated and enable workplace application of skills and knowledge.
Practical implications
Use of appropriate training transfer tools and techniques delivers superior returns on training investments and accomplishment of business results through desired behavior change in employees.
Originality/value
The study promises to be the first of its kind and provides a fresh perspective towards enabling practical workplace application of trained knowledge and skills using effective and efficient transfer strategies.
Journal Article