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"Transliteration"
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TRADURRE COMMENTANDO: NOT E LINGUISTICHE IN MARGINE AL VITRUVIO DI CESARIANO
L'articolo esplora la pratica della traslitterazione nella traduzione del De architectura di Vitruvio pubblicata da Cesare Cesariano nel 1521, intesa come traduzione caratterizzata da una fedeltà estrema al testo latino originale, con minimi adattamenti al volgare. La traslitterazione è una delle possibili vie per superare da un lato le difficoltà del testo vitruviano e la complessità della sua tradizione e dall'altro di sopperire alla mancanza di una lingua tecnica italiana consolidata nel campo dell'architettura. La fedeltà al testo latino nella traduzione (affiancata da un commento, da illustrazioni e da una \"Tabula de vocabuli\" che facilita l'accesso ai termini tecnici) è presentata come la soluzione di Cesariano al problema di una lingua tecnica dell'architettura funzionale a raggiungere un pubblico ampio all'interno del sistema linguistico italiano dei primi del Cinquecento.
Journal Article
Transliterating Latin to Amharic scripts using user-defined rules and character mappings
As social media platforms become increasingly accessible, individuals’ usage of new forms of textual communication (posts, comments, chats, etc.) on social media using local language scripts such as Amharic has increased tremendously. However, many users prefer to post comments in Latin scripts instead of local ones due to the availability of more convenient forms of character input using Latin keyboards. In existing Latin to Amharic transliteration systems, missing consideration of double consonants and double vowels has caused transliteration errors. Further, as there are multiple ways of character mapping conventions in existing systems, social media texts are susceptible to a wide variety of user adoptions during script production. The current systems have failed to address these gaps and adoptions. In this work, we present the RBLatAm (Rule-Based Latin to Amharic) transliteration system, a generic rule-based system that converts Amharic words which have been written using Latin script back into their native Amharic script. The system is based on mapping rules engineered from three existing transliteration systems (Microsoft, Google, SERA) and additional rules for double consonants, and conventions adopted on social media by speakers of Amharic. When tested on transliterated Amharic words of non-named entities, and named entities of persons, the system achieves an accuracy of 75.8% and 84.6%, respectively. The system also correctly transliterates words reported as errors in previous studies. This system drastically improves the basis for performing research on text mining for Amharic language texts by being able to process such texts even if they have originally been produced in Latin scripts.
Journal Article
HERITAGE IN STONE: SOME REMARKS ON NEWLY DISCOVERED ANCIENT NORTH ARABIA -SAFAITIC- GRAFFITI FROM SYRO-ARABIAN ḤARRAH
In this paper, we highlight a remarkable compilation of Ancient North Arabian (ANA) \"Safaitic\" inscriptions discovered in the Jordanian Badia, specifically in Wadi Swr'ad and the al-Wadr al-Abyyad. Through thorough analysis and comparison with published inscriptions and other Semitic languages, we uncover an array of personal names and diverse terms. These inscriptions vividly portray the daily customs and beliefs of the inhabitants, offering a valuable glimpse into the intriguing realms of their religious and social spheres. This study underscores the significance of conducting additional survey efforts to record more inscriptions, ultimately enhancing our understanding of the culture of early inhabitants in the region during the first centuries CE. It also sheds light on the development of the Jordanian Badia throughout various time periods.
Journal Article
EARLY BABYLONIAN TABLETS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM'S KUYUNJIK COLLECTION 2: A NEW MANUSCRIPT OF THE COMPOSITION “LETTER FROM SÎN-ŠAMUḪ TO THE GOD ENKI”
This short paper publishes a new manuscript of the literary composition “Letter from Sîn-šamuḫ to the god Enki” (ETCSL 3.3.19). K.8755 is one of the tablets which proved to be Old Babylonian in spite of their assignment to the British Museum's Kuyunjik Collection. It preserves parts of ll. 8–15 of the composition and probably belonged to a multiple columns tablet. The present paper offers a score transliteration of the lines concerned, based both on the recently published copies and the online photos of the other mss. It provides a number of new readings and interpretations on individual lines.
Journal Article
Embedded Music Theory
Around the world, music theory is commonly understood as knowledge cultivated by specialist musicians and scholars. It is also assumed to require analytical terminology supplemented with visual representations. However, even in performance traditions less concerned with explicit formulations of musical processes, musical theorizations can be embedded in the minds of the performers and their audiences. This article aims to broaden common understandings of music theory through the lens of orally transmitted ritualistic verses from Sri Lanka, which are sung or recited along with drumming. Versions of these Sinhala verses have been previously published in Sedaraman, J.E. 2008 [1964]. Uḍaraṭa Näṭum Kalāva [The Art of Up-country Dance] (Colombo: M.D. Gunasena). Transliterations and translations of these verses are presented alongside audio recordings of performances (some including video), to illustrate the ways in which the oral transmission and performance of such lyrics involves different modes of theorizing—such as knowledge of how conventional poetic meters can be sung, shared understandings of how to interpret vocables as drum strokes, and the association of different drum timbres with cosmological references. The article provides socio-historical context for the verses, details their form, explains the underlying conventions of versification, and analyzes the relationship between recited syllables and drum strokes, while highlighting the various processes of theorizing that undergird them.PEER REVIEWER: Garrett Field
Journal Article
Art + Faith: A Theology of Making–A Response to Katie Kresser
In responding to my Art+Faith: A Theology of Making, many have correctly, as Ms. Kresser has done, connected my \"slow art\" to the pre-industrial mode of creating handmade objects, and to interpret my book as a call to move against the industrial path of utilitarian pragmatism.1 The return to \"handmade culture\" of the pre-industrial time can be an antidote to such a dehumanizing force of modem times. [...]it may be important to emphasize that I am pro-science and technology, was one of the first artists to have a website in the mid-90s, and had an active Twitter feed as early as 2009. 2 N. T. Wright, introduction to Art + Faith: A Theology of Making (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021), ix. 3 My transliteration of the Greek term kainos as in, \"In Christ, you are a New (kainos) Creation.\"
Journal Article
A review of machine transliteration, translation, evaluation metrics and datasets in Indian Languages
In today’s global scenario, frequent international and domestic interactions necessitate the application of Machine Transliteration and Translation systems to overcome the language barrier. This paper presents a review of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques like Machine Translation (MT) and Machine Transliteration (MTn), along with providing an analytical study of evaluation metrics such as BLEU (BiLingual Evaluation Understudy) score and discussing datasets available for MT and MTn systems in Indian languages. This paper is unique in providing a detailed review of all steps involved in the NLP system development pipeline, from the creation and collection of data to the development of the system, and furthermore, the evaluation and analysis of the system. It also comments on the validity and viability of various evaluation metrics for Indian languages. MT and MTn systems are an evolving field of computational linguistics and are considered to be incredibly challenging to develop. The lack of readily available grammatical rules, the distinction between proper and common nouns, and large datasets, along with additional linguistic complexity compared to many other languages, makes developing such systems for Indian languages even more complicated. It explores different approaches like statistics oriented, example oriented, and neural network-oriented MT techniques implied in MT tasks, along with providing insight into the work carried out so far for Indian languages. The review also discusses the scope for future research in this field. This article determines the current status of available datasets, MT and MTn systems, along with commenting on the validity of currently available evaluation metrics like BLEU for Indian languages. The article also provides a direction in which further research for Indian languages should ideally be headed.
Journal Article