Explore the vast range of titles available.

Pekarangan is a typical Indonesian home garden. This article aimed to look at biophysical conditions of pekarangan between Sundanese migrants and non-migrants. A total of 40 pekarangans in Selajambe and Ciomas Rahayu villages, West Java, were chosen as representative locations for the Sundanese non-migrant population (native Sundanese), and 40 pekarangans in Tegal Yoso and Tanjung Kesuma villages, Lampung, were chosen as representatives of the Sundanese migrant population. Research has been carried out in the period 2019–2021. To measure the biophysical conditions of pekarangans , we analyzed the pekarangan area, pekarangan size, number of species and individual of pekarangan plants, vertical diversity and horizontal diversity of plants, and the relationship between the pekarangan area and number of species and individual plants. The results showed that the difference in conditions of the pekarangan was indicated by the difference in the area and size but not by the diversity of the plants. Both types of pekarangans have the same level of diversity, as indicated by the number of individual plants that are almost the same in number per 100 m 2 . In addition, a strong and positive correlation (0.69–0.88) between the area of pekarangan and the number of individual plants indicated that the small to medium size or large pekarangan sizes had almost the same diversity of plants. The difference lied in the type of plant that is cultivated. Migrant pekarangans are dominant in cultivating food crops, while non-migrant pekarangans are dominant in cultivating ornamental plants. The selection of plants that have important and valuable functions can be a solution in maintaining the area of the pekarangan . Choosing plants with a variety of functions can be an option for a small to medium pekarangan size. To improve the biophysical conditions of the pekarangan was also inseparable from the involvement of economic, social, and cultural aspects in the pekarangan .

The transmigration program in Gorontalo Province plays an important role in poverty reduction. The districts of Gorontalo and Boalemo, as a part of Gorontalo Province, were purposefully selected as research locations. A total of 240 respondents of transmigrant and local households were interviewed using a questionnaire containing a list of questions with a 5-Likert scale. The objectives of this research are: (1) to measure the multidimensional poverty level of transmigrant and local households, (2) to determine the impact of the transmigration program on poverty reduction and (3) to identify the factors that influence poverty status of transmigrant and local households. The results show that the poverty level of transmigrant households tends to be lower than local households. The longer the placement of transmigration, the more likely it is to reduce regional poverty levels. The health dimension has a high contribution to the cause of poverty of transmigrants, while the education dimension contributes to the highest cause of poverty of local households. The results of the analysis also show that farmers who are more educated, participate in skills training and have a side business have more opportunity to reduce poverty. The study confirms that the transmigration program has a significant impact on poverty reduction in the region.

Exploring the everyday experiences of workers from India who have migrated to Bahrain, this study contributes significantly to our understanding of politics and society among the Persian Gulf states and of the migrant labor phenomenon that is an increasingly important aspect of globalization. \"Andrew M. Gardner expertly combines in-depth ethnography with theoretical sophistication in this important look at the complex linkages between labor, migration, globalization, and the structural violence that accompanies the new world economic order. Gardner follows the labyrinthine paths of migrant workers in the Gulf, drawing on powerful qualitative data to complicate existing assumptions about the lives of skilled and unskilled workers in the Middle East's fastest growing region. Beautifully written and compelling, the book sheds light on a population and area of the world that remains understudied despite its rapid emergence onto the global market.\"—Pardis Mahdavi, Pomona College

On 22 November 1994 the Merapi volcano erupted in a southward direction towards the city of Yogyakarta for the first time. This event precipitated a spontanous revitalization of old myths and mystical beliefs, and it gave impulse to the government's efforts to have inhabitants migrate away. Neither villagers living on the slopes of Mount Merapi nor the inhabitants of Yogyakarta regard the eruption primarily as a disaster. Rather it is understood as an admonition from the supernatural world. By describing the diversity of mystical explanations given to the eruption I want to demonstrate the process of creating new meaning that is connected to the revival of traditional Javanese patterns of interpretating a natural event. This paper is based on fieldwork done in the time immediately after the eruption.

There have been enormous political, economic, and social changes in West Papua. Every governor of West Papua has designed programmes to boost economic development and reduce poverty. The influx of migrant workers under the ‘transmigration programme’ into West Papua has limited the job opportunities for indigenous people in the labour market. This article concludes that the local government's strategies failed to deliver suitable development programmes to the local people, which resulted in increased poverty, the continuing poor development of the education system, and the deterioration of the population's health condition, with a rise in the number of Papuans infected with HIV and AIDS.

In addition to well-documented negative effects (e.g., environmental degradation and ethnic conflict) Indonesia's central government programs of transmigration and industrial forest management subvert indigenous rights (even if unintentionally) through appropriation of forested land and migrant subsidies. Although central control can be an effective strategy for resource management, Indonesia's programs have undercut their own objectives and may interact synergistically to increase population pressure, reduce available land, and intensify land use conflicts on the outer islands. Empirical data are needed to evaluate the interactions between transmigration and forest conversion and to design appropriate management strategies that incorporate local as well as central controls.

This paper first sets emigration issues and policies within the historical context of Dutch colonial rule in which emigration from Java to the Outer Islands formed part of the \"Ethical Policy\". This is followed by a discussion of post-colonial emigration policies in which out-migration from Java continues to remain a key agenda and which reflects the persistence of dominant state and élite interests. The discussion also shows how transmigration from Java to the Outer Islands evolved from being a welfare tool of solving problems of overpopulation, poverty, and landlessness in Java, to one of economic development and regionalization even as it has negatively impacted indigenous populations. A third section discusses the patterns and characteristics of the international migration of Indonesian workers within state development plans. The paper concludes with a discussion of state responses towards this international migration by Indonesian workers, and makes the point that exodus looks set to continue in the light of deepening economic and political crises in the country.

In this article an attempt is made to evaluate Indonesia's population redistribution policy--transmigration--from 1969 onwards. In addition to population redistribution, transmigration also has socio-economic and political objectives. In spite of the fact that in monetary terms transmigration has become one of Indonesia's main development programmes and the budget per transmigration family has increased enormously since 1969, it is established that for several years the ambitious targets could not be realized. In addition, studies show that in several cases the many promises of the transmigration authorities could not be met. With respect to the objective of population redistribution, it is concluded that so far transmigration has hardly influenced Indonesia's population distribution; only in specific receiving areas have the effects of transmigration been significant. Furthermore, it is shown that there is reason to doubt the role which the agriculturally-oriented transmigration programmes can play in the regional development process. In addition, there is evidence that in some cases the schemes have also been used as an instrument to serve (implicit) political aims.