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Beasts of the Earth
Humans have lived in close proximity to other animals for thousands of years. Recent scientific studies have even shown that the presence of animals has a positive effect on our physical and mental health. People with pets typically have lower blood pressure, show fewer symptoms of depression, and tend to get more exercise.But there is a darker side to the relationship between animals and humans. Animals are carriers of harmful infectious agents and the source of a myriad of human diseases. In recent years, the emergence of high-profile illnesses such as AIDS, SARS, West Nile virus, and bird flu has drawn much public attention, but as E. Fuller Torrey and Robert H. Yolken reveal, the transfer of deadly microbes from animals to humans is neither a new nor an easily avoided problem.Beginning with the domestication of farm animals nearly 10,000 years ago, Beasts of the Earth traces the ways that human-animal contact has evolved over time. Today, shared living quarters, overlapping ecosystems, and experimental surgical practices where organs or tissues are transplanted from non-humans into humans continue to open new avenues for the transmission of infectious agents. Other changes in human behavior like increased air travel, automated food processing, and threats of bioterrorism are increasing the contagion factor by transporting microbes further distances and to larger populations in virtually no time at all.While the authors urge that a better understanding of past diseases may help us lessen the severity of some illnesses, they also warn that, given our increasingly crowded planet, it is not a question of if but when and how often animal-transmitted diseases will pose serious challenges to human health in the future.
eBook
Automotive power transmission systems
'Automotive Power Transmission Systems' provides technical details and developments for all automotive power transmission systems. The transmission system of an automotive vehicle is the key to the dynamic performance, drivability and comfort, and fuel economy.
Book
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the direct epidemiological and economic effects of seasonal influenza vaccination on healthcare workers
Influenza vaccination is a commonly used intervention to prevent influenza infection in healthcare workers (HCWs) and onward transmission to other staff and patients. We undertook a systematic review to synthesize the latest evidence of the direct epidemiological and economic effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination among HCW.
We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1980 through January 2018. All studies comparing vaccinated and non-vaccinated (i.e. placebo or non-intervention) groups of HCWs were included. Research articles that focused on only patient-related outcomes or monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines were excluded. Two reviewers independently selected articles and extracted data. Pooled-analyses were conducted on morbidity outcomes including laboratory-confirmed influenza, influenza-like illnesses (ILI), and absenteeism. Economic studies were summarized for the characteristics of methods and findings.
Thirteen articles met eligibility criteria: three articles were randomized controlled studies and ten were cohort studies. Pooled results showed a significant effect on laboratory-confirmed influenza incidence but not ILI. While the overall incidence of absenteeism was not changed by vaccine, ILI absenteeism was significantly reduced. The duration of absenteeism was also shortened by vaccination. All published economic evaluations consistently found that the immunization of HCW was cost saving based on crude estimates of avoided absenteeism by vaccination. No studies, however, comprehensively evaluated both health outcomes and costs of vaccination programs to examine cost-effectiveness.
Our findings reinforced the influenza vaccine effects in reducing infection incidence and length of absenteeism. A better understanding of the incidence of absenteeism and comprehensive economic program evaluations are required to ensure the best possible management of ill HCWs and the investment in HCW immunization in increasingly constrained financial environments. These steps are fundamental to establish sustainability and cost-effectiveness of vaccination programs and underpin HCW immunization policy.
Journal Article
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission between Mink ( Neovison vison ) and Humans, Denmark
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a pandemic in humans. Farmed mink (Neovison vison) are also susceptible. In Denmark, this virus has spread rapidly among farmed mink, resulting in some respiratory disease. Full-length virus genome sequencing revealed novel virus variants in mink. These variants subsequently appeared within the local human community.
Journal Article
VSC-FACTS-HVDC : analysis, modelling and simulation in power grids
\"Addresses new FACT power system application areas that have emerged over the past five years, including state estimation, constrained optimal power flow (OPF), and harmonic penetration - Presents studies of FACTS dynamic performance and control, and the exploitation of phasor measurement units (PMU) which are considered to be one of the most important future devices for advanced FACTS monitoring, analysis and control - Facilitates hands-on experience in modelling, analysis and simulation of electrical power networks with FACTS-HVDC-VSC equipment, by providing MATLAB routines and suitable data with each new model and application area presented in the book - Comes with a companion website hosting software-based case studies Market description (Please include secondary markets) Primary: Utility engineers, academics, and research students Secondary: Industry managers, engineers in equipment design and manufacturing, consultants\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19
Various mitigation measures have been implemented to fight the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, including widely adopted social distancing and mandated face covering. However, assessing the effectiveness of those intervention practices hinges on the understanding of virus transmission, which remains uncertain. Here we show that airborne transmission is highly virulent and represents the dominant route to spread the disease. By analyzing the trend and mitigation measures in Wuhan, China, Italy, and New York City, from January 23 to May 9, 2020, we illustrate that the impacts of mitigation measures are discernable from the trends of the pandemic. Our analysis reveals that the difference with and without mandated face covering represents the determinant in shaping the pandemic trends in the three epicenters. This protective measure alone significantly reduced the number of infections, that is, by over 78,000 in Italy from April 6 to May 9 and over 66,000 in New York City from April 17 to May 9. Other mitigation measures, such as social distancing implemented in the United States, are insufficient by themselves in protecting the public. We conclude that wearing of face masks in public corresponds to the most effective means to prevent interhuman transmission, and this inexpensive practice, in conjunction with simultaneous social distancing, quarantine, and contact tracing, represents the most likely fighting opportunity to stop the COVID-19 pandemic. Our work also highlights the fact that sound science is essential in decision-making for the current and future public health pandemics.
Journal Article
Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission
In this report involving 1763 HIV-1 serodiscordant couples, the suppression of HIV-1 in the infected partner significantly decreased the transmission of genetically linked HIV-1 to the uninfected partner.
Advances in the treatment and care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection have led to dramatic reductions in the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.
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However, despite intensive public health initiatives aimed at HIV-1 prevention, more than 2 million new HIV-1 infections were reported in 2014 worldwide.
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The global HIV-1 epidemic is primarily driven by sexual transmission.
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Potent, durable HIV-1 prevention strategies are required to reduce the risk of viral transmission from infected persons to their sexual partners. Observational studies involving serodiscordant couples have suggested that antiretroviral therapy (ART) in persons with HIV-1 infection reduces . . .
Journal Article