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Macroecology is a growing and important subdiscipline of ecology, but it is becoming increasingly diffuse, without an organizing principle that is widely agreed upon. I highlight two main current views of macroecology: as the study of large-scale systems and as the study of emergent systems. I trace the history of both these views through the writings of the founders of macroecology. I also highlight the transmutation principle that identifies serious limitations to the study of large-scale systems with reductionist approaches. And I suggest that much of the underlying goal of macroecology is the pursuit of general principles and the escape from contingency. I highlight that there are many intertwined aspects of macroecology, with a number of resulting implications. I propose that returning to a focus on studying assemblages of a large number of particles is a helpful view. I propose defining macroecology as “the study at the aggregate level of aggregate ecological entities made up of large numbers of particles for the purposes of pursuing generality”.

Transmutation is the functional composition of the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of one distribution with the inverse cumulative distribution function (quantile function) of another. Shaw and Buckley(2007), first apply this concept and introduced quadratic transmuted family of distributions. In this article, we have presented a review about the transmuted families of distributions. We have also listed the transmuted distributions, available in the literature along with some concluding remarks.

The composite particle duality extends the notions of both flux attachment and statistical transmutation in spacetime dimensions beyond 2 + 1D. It constitutes an exact correspondence that can be understood either as a theoretical framework or as a dynamical physical mechanism. The immediate implication of the duality is that an interacting quantum system in arbitrary dimensions can experience a modification of its statistical properties if coupled to a certain gauge field. In other words, commutation relations of quantum fields can be effectively modified by a dynamical physical process. For instance, an originally bosonic quantum fluid in d spatial dimensions can feature composite fermionic (or anyonic) excitations when coupled to a statistical gauge field. In 3 + 1D the mechanism of flux attachment induces a dynamical formation of dyons as higher-dimensional analogues of Laughlin quasiparticles. In 1 + 1D there is lack of flux attachment but a remnant in the form of a statistical gauge field can be explicitly constructed. We also introduce a family of interacting quantum many-body systems that undergo statistical transmutation as indicated by the duality. This opens the door to a new realm of topological phases across dimensions both in lattice and continuum systems.

When searching for the ideal molecule to fill a particular functional role (for example, a medicine), the difference between success and failure can often come down to a single atom 1 . Replacing an aromatic carbon atom with a nitrogen atom would be enabling in the discovery of potential medicines 2 , but only indirect means exist to make such C-to-N transmutations, typically by parallel synthesis 3 . Here, we report a transformation that enables the direct conversion of a heteroaromatic carbon atom into a nitrogen atom, turning quinolines into quinazolines. Oxidative restructuring of the parent azaarene gives a ring-opened intermediate bearing electrophilic sites primed for ring reclosure and expulsion of a carbon-based leaving group. Such a ‘sticky end’ approach subverts existing atom insertion–deletion approaches and as a result avoids skeleton-rotation and substituent-perturbation pitfalls common in stepwise skeletal editing. We show a broad scope of quinolines and related azaarenes, all of which can be converted into the corresponding quinazolines by replacement of the C3 carbon with a nitrogen atom. Mechanistic experiments support the critical role of the activated intermediate and indicate a more general strategy for the development of C-to-N transmutation reactions. A new type of transformation converting a heteroaromatic carbon atom into a nitrogen atom, turning quinolines into quinazolines to enable manipulation of molecular properties, is reported.

In Endurable Infinity , Tony Kitt creates his own tangential surrealism through wonder, intuition, and surprising connections. If the original surrealists of the 1930s sought to unleash the unconscious mind by bringing elements of dreams to the waking world with jarring juxtapositions, Kitt's poetry is more about transmutation, or leaps, from word to word and phrase to phrase. He takes American poet Charles Borkhuis's statement that contemporary surrealist poets write \"from inside language\" as a challenge and a call to action.

Inspired by Gromov's partial differential relations, we introduce a notion of differential transmutation, which allows to transfer some local properties of solutions of a PDE to solutions of another PDE, in particular local solvability, hypoellipticity, weak and strong unique continuation properties and the Runge property. The latest refers to the possibility to approximate some given local solutions by a global solution, with point force controls in preassigned positions in the holes of the space domain. As examples we prove that 2D Lamé-Navier system and the \\(3\\)D steady Stokes system, can be obtained as differential transmutations of appropriate tensorizations of the Laplace operator.

A magnetotransport study of zirconium pentatelluride now reveals evidence for a chiral magnetic effect, a striking macroscopic manifestation of the quantum and relativistic nature of Weyl semimetals. The chiral magnetic effect is the generation of an electric current induced by chirality imbalance in the presence of a magnetic field. It is a macroscopic manifestation of the quantum anomaly 1 , 2 in relativistic field theory of chiral fermions (massless spin 1/2 particles with a definite projection of spin on momentum)—a remarkable phenomenon arising from a collective motion of particles and antiparticles in the Dirac sea. The recent discovery 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 of Dirac semimetals with chiral quasiparticles opens a fascinating possibility to study this phenomenon in condensed matter experiments. Here we report on the measurement of magnetotransport in zirconium pentatelluride, ZrTe 5 , that provides strong evidence for the chiral magnetic effect. Our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments show that this material’s electronic structure is consistent with a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal. We observe a large negative magnetoresistance when the magnetic field is parallel with the current. The measured quadratic field dependence of the magnetoconductance is a clear indication of the chiral magnetic effect. The observed phenomenon stems from the effective transmutation of a Dirac semimetal into a Weyl semimetal induced by parallel electric and magnetic fields that represent a topologically non-trivial gauge field background. We expect that the chiral magnetic effect may emerge in a wide class of materials that are near the transition between the trivial and topological insulators.

A bstract We derive new amplitudes relations revealing a hidden unity among a wideranging variety of theories in arbitrary spacetime dimensions. Our results rely on a set of Lorentz invariant differential operators which transmute physical tree-level scattering amplitudes into new ones. By transmuting the amplitudes of gravity coupled to a dilaton and two-form, we generate all the amplitudes of Einstein-Yang-Mills theory, Dirac-Born-Infield theory, special Galileon, nonlinear sigma model, and biadjoint scalar theory. Transmutation also relates amplitudes in string theory and its variants. As a corollary, celebrated aspects of gluon and graviton scattering like color-kinematics duality, the KLT relations, and the CHY construction are inherited traits of the transmuted amplitudes. Transmutation recasts the Adler zero as a trivial consequence of the Weinberg soft theorem and implies new subleading soft theorems for certain scalar theories.

The theoretical aspects of the linear chain method for the numerical modelling of nuclear transmutation systems, and particularly regarding the transmutation trajectory analysis (TTA), are presented. The theoretical background of the TTA method, as an advanced version of the linear chain method, with the detailed description of the applied mathematical set-up and graphical visualisation of transformation chains, is shown. As the TTA method was initially developed at the AGH University of Science and Technology almost 25 years ago, several numerical implementations were introduced worldwide, yet the mathematical improvements or alternative forms of solutions and numerical algorithms were reported since then. The method was also implemented and tested by different research groups, also in confrontation with alternative approaches to the nuclear transformation problem known as the matrix method. The aim of the paper is to present the background of the developed method and its advantages, clarify misunderstandings in the method perception and suggest unexplored options in numerical algorithm implementation.

A bstract Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS) symmetries, or equivalently Conformal Carroll symmetries, are intrinsically associated to null manifolds and in two dimensions can be obtained as an Inönü-Wigner contraction of the two-dimensional (2 d ) relativistic conformal algebra. Instead of performing contractions, we demonstrate in this paper how this transmutation of symmetries can be achieved by infinite boosts or degenerate linear transformations on coordinates. Taking explicit cues from the worldsheet theory of null strings, we show boosting the system is equivalent to adding a current-current deformation term to the Hamiltonian. As the strength of this deformation term reaches a critical value, the classical symmetry algebra “flows” from two copies of Virasoro to the BMS algebra. We further explore the situation where the CFT coordinates are asymmetrically transformed, and degenerate limits lead to chiral theories.