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This book represents a state-of-the-art review of the critical importance of the links between gender and migration in a globalising world. It draws on original largely field-based contributions by authors across a range of disciplinary provenances worldwide.

Despite Dual Careers (sports and education) and mobility of students being priorities in the funding policies of the European Commission, migrating student-athletes report severe challenges and decreased performance or dropouts at sport and academic levels. The objective of this study was to depict and assess the perceptions on challenges, support services, and their effectiveness in consideration of specific characteristics of participants and migrations. Based on a meta-synthesis and previous findings, a 50-items questionnaire was developed and completed by 245 student-athletes in 5 European countries. Participants with Dual Careers migration experience ( n = 140) were considered for analyses of qualitative and quantitative (ordinal 5pt-Likert-scaled and metric) data on the Dual Career status, migration characteristics, received services, and outcomes. Chi-square-tests were conducted for differences between countries and genders at a significance level of p < .05. Country-related differences were found for experiences and intentions to migrate ( X 2 (12) = 50.52, p <0.001), duration of the migration ( X 2 (16) = 38.20, p = 0.001), financial support ( X 2 (8) = 29.87, p< 0.001), and decreased performances in academics ( X 2 (16) = 56.12, p< 0.001) and sports ( X 2 (16) = 31.79, p = 0.01). Gender-related difference emerged in financial support ( X 2 (4) = 10.68, p = 0.03), duration of the migration ( X 2 (4) = 14.56, p = 0.01), and decreased academic performance ( X 2 (4) = 10.57, p = 0.03). Tutoring and counselling support was ranked as the most effective support, especially when received from the academic field (4.0±1.0 pt) and others (4.1±0.8 pt), followed by online services from sport and academic sectors (both: 3.9±0.9 pt). Considering the pervasive globalization of sport and education, Dual Career migration can contribute to the development of a European sport culture. The high ratio of migrating student-athletes underlines the relevance of migrations in the field of Dual Careers. This study contributes to the literature by adding insights on practices, challenges, supports, and outcomes perceived by student-athletes migrating in Europe. Moreover, country- and gender-related differences support the consideration of specific characteristics and reveal critical factors in specific target groups. The findings contribute to identifying requirements and effective support measures in Dual Career migrations and can be used to improve support services.

Eleonore Kofman and Parvati Raghuram argue for the benefits of social reproduction as a lens through which to understand gendered transformations in global migration. They highlight the range of sites, sectors, and skills in which migrants are employed and how migration is both a cause and an outcome of depletion in social reproduction.

Despite growing awareness of sex differences in inappropriate prescribing among older adults, including the initiation of problematic prescribing cascades, the impact of gender bias remains largely unexplored. We explored how a patient's sex and gender-related sociocultural factors influence physicians' prescribing decisions, potentially leading to prescribing cascades in older adults. A secondary objective was to explore whether and how physician sex affected prescribing decisions for female and male patients. Physicians in Canada and Italy were presented with a clinical vignette describing an older male or female patient on amlodipine presenting with peripheral edema. Physicians were interviewed using the 'think-aloud' method to describe their treatment considerations. Thematic multi-site analysis was used to analyze the data. Of 30 physicians, only two considered prescribing a diuretic for an older female patient. Most physicians identified amlodipine as the cause of the edema and adjusted or substituted the medication, often making these treatment decisions without considering sex- and gender-related sociocultural factors. When prompted, physicians acknowledged the relevance of these factors, but their responses varied. Some adapted their treatment plans, noting the challenges of managing edema, particularly for female patients, whereas others did not incorporate these considerations. Interestingly, some physicians adjusted their plans based on gender-related factors yet still stated that gender did not influence their treatment decisions. No variations in treatment decisions based on physician sex were observed. The study reveals a gap between physicians' recognition of gender-related sociocultural factors and their consistent integration into clinical decision-making, highlighting the need for more nuanced approaches in prescribing practices.

To discuss the cultural roots of violence against women (VAW), this study focuses on individual gender norms, prescriptive gender role expectations, moral justification of VAW, and institutional gender norms that define gender cultures, that provide opportunities for VAW, and legitimize roles and behaviors. We used indicators of gender norms related to VAW from different sources to provide an overview of 12 countries (Armenia, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Greece, The Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, and Ukraine). The indicators include individual gender role attitudes and justification of wife beating from the World Values Survey; information on national legislation and institutional discrimination from the Social Institution Gender Index from the OECD; and each country’s position on the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence—a transnational platform with relevant transformative power that has been opposed by anti-Europeanists. Although situations vary significantly in the different countries, this explorative study suggests that eradicating the cultural roots of VAW is more difficult in societies in which rigid traditional gender roles and a strongly patriarchal culture in legislation and institutions are supported by moral views legitimizing violence as a form of punishment for challenging prescribed gender roles.

This paper raises questions — rather than providing answers — about the theorization of intersectionality: the complex inequalities that result from connections between gender, class, ethnicity and other dimensions of identity in the making of subjects. I draw on Ong's work on cultural citizenship and notions of subjectification from Foucault and Butler to think through feminist theorizations of intersectionality and the philosophical status of different approaches to complexity and difference. I also address methodological issues. While this is not primarily an empirical paper, I use the example of the labour market position of recent migrants into the UK as an examplar of intersectionality at work.

Transnational medical educational programs are now commonplace. Given the importance of individualised feedback, this study explored how cultural factors influence feedback experiences across three transnational campuses of one medical school. A total of 57 final-year medical students were interviewed from a sampling frame of 514 (269 male, 245 female). One-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using template analysis. Codes were iteratively refined into four themes, which were critically reviewed through the lenses of Hofstede's cultural dimensions and Figured Worlds. Four themes were identified: (1) early socialisation into feedback shaped by family and schooling; (2) hierarchical learning environments positioning students as passive recipients; (3) strategies to cope with negative feedback; and (4) gendered differences in the interpretation of feedback. National identity played only a minor role, while prior experiences and hierarchical structures were more influential. Female students more often described humiliation and emotional burden, whereas some male students framed negative feedback as a 'rite of passage.' Feedback experiences in transnational medical programs appear less determined by national culture than by early life experiences and hierarchical clinical environments. Hofstede's framework offered limited explanatory value, while Figured Worlds illuminated how identities are negotiated in feedback encounters. To enhance feedback cultures in transnational settings, faculty development should prioritise dialogic approaches, sensitivity to learners' prior experiences, and awareness of gendered impacts. Institutional change is needed to move beyond transmissive practices and foster learner-centred, inclusive feedback.

East Central Europe played a crucial role in shaping the development of sexual science from the 1870s onwards. The life-histories of influential and well-known figures such as Sigmund Freud (born in Freiberg/Příbor), Magnus Hirschfeld (born in Kolberg/Kolobrzeg) and Karl Maria Kertbeny (born in Vienna, based in Budapest) reveal the imperial interconnectedness of East Central Europe with what would become Western Europe. By 1932, when the World League for Sexual Reform held its congress in Brno (following previous meetings in Berlin, London, Vienna, and Copenhagen), the society had established branches across the region, including Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. In that same year, Poland decriminalised homosexual acts. Yet, East Central Europe is often neglected in the history of sexology and little is known about how sexual science in these regions shaped, and was shaped by, global networks of knowledge production. Indeed, despite recent attempts to demonstrate the ways in which sexual science was a truly global enterprise, East Central Europe remains to be fully incorporated into our mapping of the global networks of sexological dialogue and exchange.1 This is especially true of scholarship on the period after the Second World War. Historians have tended to misconstrue the transnational nature of sexual science in East Central Europe both before and after 1945. First, the contribution of East Central Europeans to European cultures of scientific exchanges has been obscured by the tendency of much historical writing to focus on a small number of key pioneers (Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Sigmund Freud and Havelock Ellis). Second, it is assumed that East Central European sexual science was largely cut off from international networks of knowledge exchange after the Second World War following the onset of the Cold War.2 Third, there are preconceived notions that communist authoritarian governments, having curtailed political freedoms and economic entrepreneurialism, must have also taken a repressive stance against sexual expression.3 Fourth, the dominance of 1989 as the fundamental caesura has encouraged a periodisation that fails to draw enough attention to the shifts in transnational patterns of knowledge exchange around sexual politics during the period 1945 to 1989 and fails to identify key continuities that link the sexual politics of the contemporary world with those of the communist period. None of these assumptions can withstand scrutiny, as the articles in this forum reveal. Building on a recent boost in scholarly interest in the sexual histories of the region,4 we present a collection of papers that each detail the transnational connections of local sexual experts in creating sexual knowledge both before and during state socialism.5

This article focusses on the relationships between volunteers and refugees in the German “welcome culture”. I highlight the continuities between historical and colonial notions of feminine charity and contemporary volunteering efforts in support of refugees in Germany. The “welcome culture” is conceived here as a charitable space that is historically sedimented by specific understandings of gender, racial and class difference. In particular, the difference between the modern emancipated female volunteer and the female oppressed refugee plays a central role. The question of female self-determination, then, becomes an important social arena in the German “welcome culture”, through which the rate and terms of participation of refugees in social life are negotiated. Thus I draw on decolonial thought as well as theoretical insights from post-development scholarship and critical studies of humanitarianism in order to consider the multitemporal and transnational character of current “welcome culture” as well as to gain a better understanding of the entailed power relations. These are more contingent than might first appear. Presenting findings from my ongoing fieldwork I conclude that the notion of “welcome culture” allows for the emergence of new forms of sociality.