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"Transportation Great Britain Costs."
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Extending natural hazard impacts: an assessment of landslide disruptions on a national road transportation network
Disruptions to transportation networks by natural hazard events cause direct losses (e.g. by physical damage) and indirect socio-economic losses via travel delays and decreased transportation efficiency. The severity and spatial distribution of these losses varies according to user travel demands and which links, nodes or infrastructure assets are physically disrupted. Increasing transport network resilience, for example by targeted mitigation strategies, requires the identification of the critical network segments which if disrupted would incur undesirable or unacceptable socio-economic impacts. Here, these impacts are assessed on a national road transportation network by coupling hazard data with a transport network model. This process is illustrated using a case study of landslide hazards on the road network of Scotland. A set of possible landslide-prone road segments is generated using landslide susceptibility data. The results indicate that at least 152 road segments are susceptible to landslides, which could cause indirect economic losses exceeding £35 k for each day of closure. In addition, previous estimates for historic landslide events might be significant underestimates. For example, the estimated losses for the 2007 A83 'Rest and Be Thankful' landslide are £80 k day−1, totalling £1.2 million over a 15 day closure, and are ∼60% greater than previous estimates. The spatial distribution of impact to road users is communicated in terms of 'extended hazard impact footprints'. These footprints reveal previously unknown exposed communities and unanticipated spatial patterns of severe disruption. Beyond cost-benefit analyses for landslide mitigation efforts, the approach implemented is applicable to other natural hazards (e.g. flooding), combinations of hazards, or even other network disruption events.
Journal Article
The Financial and Environmental Consequences of Renewable Energy Exclusion Zones
As countries decarbonise, the competition for land between energy generation, nature conservation and food production will likely increase. To counter this, modelling, and sometimes energy policies, use exclusion zones to restrict energy deployment from land deemed as important to society. This paper applies the spatially-explicit ADVENT-NEV model to Great Britain to determine the cost imposed on the energy system when either environmental or food production exclusion zones are applied. Results show that exclusion zones impose a cost of up to £0.63 billion (B), £19.17 B and £1.33 B for the solar, wind, and bioenergy pathways. These costs give an indication of the value being placed on protecting these areas of land. When multiple exclusions are imposed on bioenergy, the high pathway is infeasible indicating a more flexible approach may be needed to meet net zero ambitions. The model also shows how the value of ecosystem services changes when exclusion zones are applied, highlighting how some exclusions increase non-market costs whereas others decrease them. In several cases exclusion zones are shown to increase social costs, the opposite of their intended use. For these exclusions to be justifiable, the unobserved values missing from the model must be as large as these increases.
Journal Article
Housing Mobility and Downsizing at Older Ages in Britain and the USA
This paper examines geographic mobility and housing downsizing at older ages in Britain and the USA. Americans downsize housing much more than the British largely because Americans are much more mobile. The principal reasons for greater mobility among older Americans are twofold: (1) greater spatial distribution of geographic distribution of amenities (such as warm weather) and housing costs; (2) greater institutional rigidities in subsidized British rental housing providing stronger incentives for British renters not to move. This relatively flat British housing consumption with age may have significant implications for the form and amount of consumption smoothing at older ages.
Journal Article
Planning Sustainable Transport
Transport choices must be transformed if we are to cope with sustainability and climate change, but this can only be done if we understand how complex transport systems work. Straightforward choices are never made between one transport mode and another; door-to-door movements of both people and freight use combinations of different modes of transport.
This book offers a cross-disciplinary overview of transport systems and the ways in which they interact with urban and regional planning decisions and environmental issues. It offers a thoughtful critique of existing methodology and policy, raising issues, providing facts, explaining linkages and, particularly, stimulating debate. The book methodically explores the definitions, trends, problems, objectives and policies of transport planning. In particular the author looks at land use as a major determinant of the nature and extent of the demand for transport, concluding that the management of land use has to be a key element of any sustainable transport policy.
Planning Sustainable Transport will be essential reading for today's transport specialists, planners and property developers. It will also be useful to postgraduate students in planning and related disciplines.
eBook
The Invention of Enterprise
Whether hailed as heroes or cast as threats to social order, entrepreneurs--and their innovations--have had an enormous influence on the growth and prosperity of nations.The Invention of Enterprisegathers together, for the first time, leading economic historians to explore the entrepreneur's role in society from antiquity to the present. Addressing social and institutional influences from a historical context, each chapter examines entrepreneurship during a particular period and in an important geographic location.
The book chronicles the sweeping history of enterprise in Mesopotamia and Neo-Babylon; carries the reader through the Islamic Middle East; offers insights into the entrepreneurial history of China, Japan, and Colonial India; and describes the crucial role of the entrepreneur in innovative activity in Europe and the United States, from the medieval period to today. In considering the critical contributions of entrepreneurship, the authors discuss why entrepreneurial activities are not always productive and may even sabotage prosperity. They examine the institutions and restrictions that have enabled or impeded innovation, and the incentives for the adoption and dissemination of inventions. They also describe the wide variations in global entrepreneurial activity during different historical periods and the similarities in development, as well as entrepreneurship's role in economic growth. The book is filled with past examples and events that provide lessons for promoting and successfully pursuing contemporary entrepreneurship as a means of contributing to the welfare of society.
The Invention of Enterpriselays out a definitive picture for all who seek an understanding of innovation's central place in our world.
eBook
Investment in electricity infrastructure in a small isolated market: the case of Ireland
Climate policy is driving an extensive deployment of wind generation in the Irish electricity market. This study evaluates the cost of increasing wind generation both to the system as a whole and to consumers for 2020. We consider different scenarios on fuel and carbon-dioxide permit prices and the extent of electricity interconnection with Great Britain. For a small and isolated electricity system such as Ireland, a high penetration of wind is economically sound only with increased interconnection to Great Britain, since wind generation would otherwise be curtailed. Not surprisingly, for low fuel prices the least-cost scenario contains low levels of wind generation whereas the opposite is true for high fuel prices. The findings highlight the importance of interconnection and its operation and governance.
Journal Article
The Effects of Competition in Swedish Local Bus Services
The Swedish local and regional bus services were deregulated in 1989. Since then, 70% of the traffic has been subject to competitive tendering. This paper shows that tendering has had a significant direct effect on costs, but no indirect effects on costs in regions without competitive tendering could be detected. Although demand has fallen in recent years, this analysis indicates that such a trend is not related to increased competition. /// Die lokalen und regionalen schwedischen Busverkehre wurden 1989 dereguliert. Seitdem sind 70% der Verkehrsdienstleistungen Gegenstand wettbewerblicher Ausschreibungen gewesen. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, daß die Ausschreibungen einen erheblichen direkten Einfluß auf die Kosten ausübten, jedoch konnte keine indirekte Wirkung auf die Kosten jener Regionen festgestellt werden, die keine Ausschreibungsverfahren anwenden. Obschon die Nachfrage in den letzten Jahren geschrumpft ist, kann dieser Trend -- so das Ergebnis der Analyse -- nicht auf den gesteigerten Wettbewerb zurückgeführt werden. /// Les services de bus locaux et régionaux en Suède ont été dérèglementés en 1989. Depuis, 70% du trafic est sujet à l'offre concurrentielle. Cet article montre que l'offre a eu un effet direct important sur les coûts. En revanche aucun effet indirect sur les coûts dans les régions dépourvu d'offre concurrentielle n'a pu être enregistré. La demande ayant diminué ces dernières années, cette analyse indique que la concurrence augmentée n'en est pas la cause. /// Los servicios de autobus regionales y locales en Suecia fueron desregulados en 1989. Desde entonces el 70% del tráfico se ha visto sujeto a licitaciones competitivas. Este artículo demuestra que las licitaciones han tenido un efecto directo importante sobre los costes, pero que no se pueden detectar efectos indirectos sobre los costes en las regiones sin licitación competitiva. A pesar que la demanda ha caido en los años recientes, el análisis demuestra que tal tendencia no está relacionada con un aumento en la competencia.
Journal Article
Network Regulation
This paper assesses how price regulation for energy, water, telecommunications, and rail networks has developed in the two decades since incentive regulation was introduced. Regulation is necessary because Coasean bargaining is unlikely to produce efficient outcomes, and because the consumer and the firm have relationship-specific capital and are unable to write long-term contracts. Incentive regulation has been successful at promoting operating efficiency in the UK and elsewhere. Incentive regulation has, so far, also been successful at promoting investment, but some challenges remain for regulators and policy-makers. The relationship between the required cost of capital and the extent to which prices are allowed to track costs is explored, and the implications of the recent large increases in debt-to-equity ratios for regulation is discussed.
Journal Article