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"Transportation demand"
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School choice: understanding the trade-off between travel distance and school quality
Children are traveling longer distances to school, and the share traveling by car is increasing. This paper examines the effects of school attributes on school choice, which in turn gives rise to travel distance and mode choice. It is well known that school quality is capitalized into residential land values. Households willing and able to pay price premiums may choose to live closer to good-quality schools. In contrast, households with less ability to pay are likely to live in places with schools of lower quality. The California public school system has an open enrollment policy, which allows students to transfer out of their neighbourhood school when places are available. When this option is exercised, students may travel longer distances to school compared with students who attend their neighbourhood schools. We used travel diary data from the 2001 Post Census Regional Household Travel Survey to model school destination choices for K-12 students in the Los Angeles region, California. Parents may choose to send their children to neighbourhood schools, other schools within their home district, or out-of-district schools. We find that location, school quality, and other school features influence the probability of a school being chosen, and the extent to which these factors influence choice varies depending on the characteristics of the residential district and the attributes of the household.
Journal Article
Strategies for sustainable mobilities : opportunities and challenges
\"Sustainable mobility is a qualitative, vague and normative vision. Although this vagueness is often criticized and seen as a drawback it also allows diverse stakeholders to commit to the goal of sustainable mobility. It allows for consensus, which can also help achieve a transport system that enables mobility for current and future generations. The goal of sustainable mobility is an ambitious one and requires a long-term and process-oriented perspective. With this in mind, this volume examines sustainable mobilities from multiple angles varying by time, region, cultural and economic backgrounds, local stakeholders and governance structures\"-Provided by publisher.
Book
A shift scheduling model for ridepooling services
The planning of efficient shift schedules is a key challenge for many service companies whose economic success heavily relies on the efficient employment of personnel. In spite of the recent advances in autonomous driving, mobility services, such as ride pooling, still heavily rely on the use of human drivers and will presumably remain in this category in the near to midterm. As a consequence, shift scheduling of drivers is one of the key success factors in the current industry environment. Determining appropriate shifts that minimize an under- and oversupply of vehicles for all planning periods is a challenging task, since demand can vary heavily over time and the assignment flexibilities are limited due to driver preferences and regulations. In this work, we present a shift scheduling model for ridepooling services. Moreover, we introduce a data generator for instances with realistic properties of a ridepooling service. Using it, we study the effect of different kinds of flexibilities on solution quality.
Journal Article
Suprarural : architectural atlas of rural protocols of the American Midwest and the Argentine Pampas
The Atlas of rural protocols in the American Midwest and the Argentine Pampas is structured along eight systems of organization: transport and infrastructure, land subdivision, agricultural production, water management, storage and maintenance, human habitation, animal management, land management. Each of these systems possesses a number of organizational types, material components, normative relationships, and spectra of performance, which become available through a manual of instructions for a Suprarural architectural environment. The research is based on a realistic-overriding ethics towards design that operates by abstracting and intensifying unexplored territorial phenomena.
Book
What Affects Transit Ridership? A Dynamic Analysis involving Multiple Factors, Lags and Asymmetric Behaviour
This study seeks to determine the relative impacts of various factors in affecting ridership, to quantify their short-run and long-run effects, and to test the symmetry in ridership in response to rises and falls in gasoline price and transit fare. The results show that the effect of gasoline price, albeit small, is significant, extends over a year and mainly derives from its rise not fall. Fare is most influential both in terms of shortterm and long-term elasticities and its effect is largely contributed by fare increases. The combination of these two results points to the policy of increasing gasoline price over decreasing transit fare to encourage ridership. On the relationship between service and fare, the results support the 'demand follows supply' hypothesis. The results also provide empirical evidence that ridership responds differentially between a rise and a fall in gasoline price or transit fare.
Journal Article
New rail transit stations and the out-migration of low-income residents
This article tests the hypothesis that low-income residents disproportionately move out of neighbourhoods in close proximity to new rail transit stations. This transit-induced gentrification scenario posits that the development of rail transit will place an upward pressure on land and housing values and that higher-income residents will outbid low-income residents for this new amenity. The most transit-dependent population may therefore be displaced from the most accessible locations, forming a paradox in the investment in new transit systems. We test this hypothesis using the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID) dataset to trace the out-migration of residents across the United States from census tracts within five years of the opening of a new station, between 1970 and 2014. We find that low-income individuals are more likely to move, regardless of their neighbourhood. However, we do not find significant evidence that low-income individuals are more likely to move out of transit neighbourhoods, after controlling for both individual and other neighbourhood characteristics. The odds of moving out of a transit neighbourhood for low-income residents is statistically insignificant. In other words, they do not have a heightened probability of leaving new transit neighbourhoods compared with other residents. Our results are robust across decades, when examining renters alone, for different time spans and for varying definitions of transit neighbourhoods. We further find that those living in transit neighbourhoods are not more likely to live in a crowded dwelling. Our results therefore suggest that, on average, across the nation, low-income residents do not disproportionately exit new transit neighbourhoods.
本文检验了这样一个假设：低收入居民会不成比例地搬离新的轨道交通站附近的街区。这种“公交导致的绅士化”理论假定：轨道交通的开发将对土地和住房价格产生上行压力，而高收入居民将与低收入居民争夺这些新的便利设施并将后者排挤出去。因此，大多数依赖公交的人口可能会被从最接近公交的地点排挤出去，这对新公交系统的投资而言便形成了悖论。我们使用家庭收入动态追踪调查（PSID）数据集追踪1970年至2014年期间美国相关人口普查区在新轨道交通站开放后五年内居民的外迁，从而检验这一假设。我们发现，无论处于何种街区，低 收入个人都更有可能搬迁。然而，在剔除个人和其他街区特征之后，我们没有发现显著证据表明低收入人群更有可能搬离公交街区。低收入居民搬离公交街区的几率不具有统计显著性。换句话说，与其他居民相比，他们搬离新的公交街区的可能性并不会更高。如果只考虑租房者，那么，在这几十年的时间跨度内，我们的研究结果在不同时段之间、并且在不同定义的公交街区之间保持了相当的稳定性。我们进一步发现，居住在公交街区的人生活在拥挤的住宅中的几率并不会更高。因此，我们的结果表明，在全国范围内，平均而言低收入居民不会不成比例地搬离新的公交街区。
Journal Article
Commute distance and jobs-housing fit
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the affordable housing crisis is forcing households to seek lower cost housing in the outer reaches of major metropolitan areas, helping to explain recent increases in commute distance. To test this relationship, we use spatial regression to examine the relationship between the availability of affordable housing in close proximity to jobs (jobs-housing fit) and commute distance in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The analysis draws on 2015 Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) Origin–Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) by workplace supplemented with data from the 2013–2017 5-Year American Community Survey on affordable housing units. We find substantial variation in jobs-housing fit across Los Angeles neighborhoods. The imbalance is greatest in higher-income neighborhoods located along the coast and in Orange County, south of Los Angeles. Controlling for other determinants of commute distance, a higher ratio of jobs to affordable housing is associated with longer distance commutes. To address growing commute distances, policymakers must greatly expand and protect the supply of long-term rental housing particularly in job-rich neighborhoods.
Journal Article
An Analysis of Travel Demand in Japan's Intercity Market Empirical Estimation and Policy Simulation
This study estimates a travel demand model in Japan's intercity market with aggregate OD data. The estimated model is used to estimate the effects of introducing super high-speed-rail (HSR), and alternative levels of CO2 emission taxation on the demands for airline and HSR modes. It is found that: (a) there is clear product differentiation between air and rail travel; (b) Japanese consumers are sensitive to travel time and frequency; (c) the proposed Tokyo–Osaka HSR services would drive airlines out of the route while stimulating substantial new traffic; and (d) CO2 taxation would have a moderate impact on modal shift.
Journal Article
When local access matters
How cities can become more conducive to sustainable travel patterns is a pressing matter in urban research. In the built environment–travel literature, several features potentially promoting sustainable mobility remain under-researched. One concerns the precise role of local accessibility – in terms of the number, variety and specific types of amenities – in promoting the slow modes of walking and cycling and in reducing car use. Another is the possibility that the standard assumption of a linear relationship between density and (un)sustainable travel is flawed. To fill these gaps, we explore specific local amenity supply types that stimulate a large share of residents to walk or cycle, avoiding long drives, to accomplish their daily activities. In a case study of the Västra Götaland region in Sweden, we analyse a combination of high-quality micro data from registers and the national travel survey using a stepwise statistical approach. We find evidence of non-linear discontinuities and significant geographical variation in how local accessibility affects travel behaviour. While more neighbourhood amenities contribute to more walking/cycling, the effect of establishing additional amenities varies amongst neighbourhood types and travel variables. Local everyday services, for example, grocery stores and preschools, are critical in triggering change. The findings inform urban planning by showing how a basic supply of essential amenities could contribute to better prerequisites for walking or cycling and reduced car dependence by inducing residents to choose local options.
城市如何为绿色出行模式创造有利的环境，这是城市研究中的一个紧迫问题。在建筑环境—出行文献中，几个潜在能促进绿色出行的特征仍未得到充分研究。其中一个问题是，当地无障碍设施（数量、种类和特定类型的便利设施等方面）在推广步行和骑行模式以及减少汽车使用方面的确切作用。另一个问题时，密度和绿色/非绿色出行之间线性关系的标准假设可能是有缺陷的。为了填补这些空白，我们研究了一些具体的当地便利设施类型，这些类型可以刺激大量居民在日常活动中步行或骑行并避免长时间驾车。透过瑞典西约塔兰省 (Västra Götaland) 的一个案例研究，我们使用逐步统计方法分析了来自各种登记资料和全国旅游调查的高质量微观数据组合。在当地可达性对出行行为的影响方面，我们发现了非线性不连续性和显著的地理变化的证据。虽然更多的街区便利设施有助于实现更多的步行/骑行，但建设额外便利设施的效果因街区类型和出行变量而异。当地的日常服务（例如杂货店和幼儿园）在引发变化方面至关重要。我们的研究结果表明，基本生活设施的供应有助于改善步行或骑行的先决条件，并通过引导居民选择本地选项来减少对汽车的依赖。这些研究结果为城市规划提供了参考。
Journal Article