Explore the vast range of titles available.

\"This book draws on contemporary theory and recent findings to provide researchers, professionals, undergraduate and graduate students with essential resources, allowing them to better understand and support children, youth and adults with autism and significant communication impairments. The book consists of 11 chapters organized into 3 sections detailing typical and atypical prelinguistic development for individuals on the autism spectrum, together with a range of assessment and intervention approaches that clinicians and educators can draw on in practice. The book adopts a lifespan perspective, recognizing that there is an important and particularly challenging sub-group of children on the spectrum who remain minimally verbal beyond the age of 8 years. Each chapter summarizes current research on a selected topic, identifies key challenges faced by researchers, educators and clinicians, and considers the implications for research and practice. The concluding chapter considers issues of research translation and how educators and clinicians can encourage the use of evidence-based practices for prelinguistic and minimally verbal individuals.\"--Back cover.

Background This was a cross-sectional study of high school students aged 13 to 15 years within the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. A total of 391 participants were examined using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment need. Data was analysed using descriptive methods primarily. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to test associations between variables (subjective need, objective need, sex). Methods Sampling was performed using a multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. A self-administered questionnaire and clinical examination were used to collect data. The orthodontic treatment need was measured using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Objective and subjective need for orthodontic treatment was measured using the Dental Health Component and Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, respectively. The data was analysed using descriptive methods primarily. The associations between subjective orthodontic treatment need and sex, objective orthodontic treatment need and sex, and subjective and objective orthodontic treatment need were determined using a Pearson’s chi-square test. The level of significance was set at 5% and all results were deemed statistically significant at p  < 0.05. Results A total of 391 participants were examined, of which 66.8% ( n  = 261) were female and 33.3% ( n  = 130) were male. A definite subjective need of 13.3% ( n  = 52) and a definite objective need of 36.8% ( n  = 144) were observed in this study. Sex was associated with both subjective and objective orthodontic treatment need ( p  < 0.05). An association between subjective and objective orthodontic treatment need was also observed ( p  < 0.001). Conclusion The findings of this study identified an objective and subjective orthodontic need in this sample, which can assist in the development of a public orthodontic service plan. The prevalence of malocclusions in need of orthodontic treatment can be used to determine the resources required for such a service. Additionally, this data can be used as baseline data from which other research projects may be planned.

Background and Aims Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a type of obsessive‐compulsive disorder that can adversely impact an individual's self‐perception. It may influence both the demand for and results of orthodontic treatment, making it a significant concern. Research on BDD among orthodontic patients is scarce, controversial, and methodologically limited. Associations between BDD with IOTN‐AC and IOTN‐ACE have not been studied at all. Moreover, IOTN‐ACE itself (even regardless of BDD) is not studied except in a very few articles. Methods The Yale–Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD‐YBOCS) was administered to 529 orthodontic patients aged ≥ 12 (112 males, 417 females) in five clinics of xxxx city, 2023–2024. The diagnosis and severity of BDD were determined using both the first three items (BDD‐3) and all twelve items of the questionnaire (BDD‐All). Orthodontists and also patients evaluated the esthetic aspect of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN‐AC and IOTN‐ACE). Multiple linear/binary logistic regressions and bivariable analyses were used to determine correlations and risk factors (among age/sex/marital status/education level/rhinoplasty/esthetic treatments/time passed since treatment began) (α = 0.05). Results Mean BBD‐3 and BDD‐All were 3.28 ± 2.35 and 13.15 ± 6.97, respectively. BDD prevalence was 39.3% (BDD‐3) or 15.1% (BDD‐All). IOTN‐AC/ACE were significantly but weakly correlated with all four measures of BDD. Mean IOTN‐AC and IOTN‐ACE scores were 3.19 ± 2.30 and 3.46 ± 2.30, respectively. IOTN‐AC and IOTN‐ACE were moderately correlated with each other (p < 0.05). Age was not correlated with BDD, but it was negatively correlated with IOTN‐AC and IOTN‐ACE (p < 0.05). Female sex and lower IOTN‐AC/ACE scores were associated with BDD (regression p < 0.05). Conclusion BDD was significantly yet weakly associated with IOTN‐AC/IOTN‐ACE. BDD may be more prevalent in women. Rhinoplasty needs further research. Other factors might not be risk factors.

Background Understanding the treatment needs of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is essential to develop treatment strategies. We examined the treatment needs of patients with DLB and their caregivers and the extent to which the attending physicians understand these treatment needs. Methods This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted using questionnaires for patients, caregivers, and physicians. The study participants included patients, their caregivers, and their attending physicians who were experts in DLB. Fifty-two symptoms that are frequent and clinically important in DLB were pre-selected and classified into seven symptom domains. Treatment needs of patients and caregivers were defined as “symptom that causes them most distress,” and the frequency of each answer was tabulated. To assess the physician’s understanding of the treatment needs of patients and caregivers, patient–physician and caregiver–physician concordance rates for each answer regarding treatment needs were calculated according to symptom domains. Results In total, 263 pairs of patients–caregivers and 38 physicians were surveyed. The mean age of patients was 79.3 years, and their mean total score on the Mini-Mental State Examination was 20.9. Thirty-five and 38 symptoms were selected as symptoms causing patients and caregivers most distress, respectively. Memory impairment was most frequently selected for the treatment needs of patients, followed by constipation and bradykinesia. Memory impairment was also most frequently selected by caregivers, followed by visual hallucinations. For the symptom domain that causes patients or caregivers most distress, only about half of the patient–physician pairs (46.9%) and caregiver–physician pairs (50.8%) were matched. Logistic regression analysis identified that concordance rates for treatment needs between patient–physician and caregiver–physician were lower when autonomic dysfunction and sleep-related disorders were selected as the symptom domains that cause most distress. Conclusion There was considerable variability in the treatment needs of patients with DLB and their caregivers. Attending physicians had difficulty understanding the top treatment needs of their patients and caregivers, despite their expertise in DLB, because of various clinical manifestations. Attending physicians should pay more attention to autonomic dysfunction and sleep-related disorders in the treatment of DLB. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000041844. Registered on 23 September 2020

Identifying age, period, and cohort trends in perceived mental health treatment need over time by mental illness severity is important to identify where to focus early intervention efforts. We included adults who did not report receiving past-year mental health treatment in the 2008–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 364,676). Hierarchical age-period-cohort models were used to assess perceived mental health treatment need, adjusting for demographics stratified by mental illness severity (none, any but not severe [AMI], severe [SMI]). Median odds ratios estimated cohort and period variance. Cohort effects explained a significant portion of the variance over time; period effects were minimal. Perceived mental health treatment need was highest among adults with AMI from recent birth cohorts (2000–2002: β = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.96, 1.28). Efforts are needed to address increases in perceived mental health treatment need in younger birth cohorts, such as removing structural barriers (e.g., healthcare system barriers).

Objective Early orthodontic treatment with cost reimbursement within the framework of the German statutory health insurance (GKV) is only possible for a strictly defined malocclusion group as defined by the orthodontic indication groups (KIG). It is not yet clear whether the application of the KIG criteria and corresponding successful early orthodontic interventions result in no or significantly less need for treatment in the late mixed dentition or in the permanent dentition. This study therefore investigated short-term intervention stability from a 10-year-period. Materials and methods Between 2009 and 2019, n  = 661 patients were diagnosed with indication groups D (increased overjet), M (reversed overjet), B (scissors bite), K (crossbite), or P (lack of space) including orthodontic treatment need. N  = 70 patients (35 female, 35 male) met the inclusion criteria of the study and had received early orthodontic treatment with a mean duration of 15.44 ± 2.20 months. Orthodontic indication groups (KIG) were evaluated at the beginning (aged 7.99 ± 1.44 years) and the end of early orthodontic treatment (aged 9.63 ± 1.49 years) and at a voluntary control or the beginning of additional orthodontic treatment (aged 11.85 ± 1.72 years). The evaluation included established procedures for categorization of orthodontic indication groups and their respective classification. Statistics included Chi-square test and Kendall´s tau-b. The level of significance was set at p  < 0.05. Results The results showed reversed overjet in 44.3% and crossbites in 41.4% of the patients as most common indication for early orthodontic treatment. At the end of early orthodontic treatment, no orthodontic treatment need was present in 87.1%. At the late mixed dentition, the treatment result of early orthodontic treatment was stable in N  = 61 out of N  = 70 patients. Conclusions The results of our study confirm preventive benefits of early orthodontic treatment, especially in patients with transverse anomalies or reversed overjet. Clinical relevance A short-term orthodontic intervention with correct indication during primary or early mixed dentition can prevent or reduce further treatment need during late mixed or permanent dentition, and should therefore not be postponed.

Background Malocclusion is a prevalent oral health concern worldwide, ranking third after dental caries and periodontal disease. Early identification and intervention in childhood can prevent its progression into adulthood. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) is widely used to assess malocclusion severity. However, global studies using the IOTN have reported varying malocclusion prevalence rates, which are influenced by socioeconomic and ethnic factors. This study aimed to examine the orthodontic treatment needs among Iraqi children aged 10–12. Methods A total of 384 children (173 boys and 211 girls) were randomly selected from four distinct regions in Sulaimani, Iraq. Eligibility criteria included Iraqi children aged 10–12 years with no history of orthodontic treatment, non-nutritive sucking habits, or craniofacial anomalies. Evaluations took place in school environments, using criteria from the American Board of Orthodontics to assess overjet, reverse overjet, overbite, anterior openbite, and buccal crossbite. Malocclusion severity was categorized using the Dental Health Component of the IOTN. Data analysis included chi-square testing, and 95% confidence intervals to interpret findings. Results Most children had mild treatment needs (Grade 2: 36.2%), followed by no treatment required (Grade 1: 31.3%) and moderate needs (Grade 3: 24.5%). More severe cases were less common, with Grade 4 (4.7%) and Grade 5 (3.4%). Overbite was the most prevalent malocclusion requiring treatment, while overjet had the lowest demand. No significant gender differences were found ( p  > 0.05). Conclusions Mild to moderate malocclusion was prevalent, with overbite and crossbite being the most frequent conditions requiring treatment. Overjet exhibited the lowest treatment demand, and gender differences were not significant, suggesting equal applicability of orthodontic programs to both boys and girls. Trial registration Not applicable.

Buprenorphine is a Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for opioid use disorder. However, individuals with opioid use disorder often report information needs regarding buprenorphine treatment on social media platforms such as Reddit. The field lacks a systematic approach to organizing these data and characterizing treatment information needs that may be unique and unavailable elsewhere. In this study, we curated and analyzed large-scale data from social media to characterize self-reported buprenorphine treatment information needs using a qualitative analysis. We collected 15,253 Reddit posts from the subreddit r/Suboxone. Following a standard protocol and guidance from clinical experts, we first identified 5 main themes from the data and then manually coded 6000 posts based on these themes. Finally, we determined the most frequently appearing topics within each theme by analyzing samples from each group. Among the 6000 posts, 2417 (40.3%) contained a single theme, 2160 (36%) contained two themes, and 834 (13.9%) contained three themes. The most frequent topics found across these themes included reports of psychological and physical effects during recovery, complexities in accessing buprenorphine, and significant information gaps regarding medication administration, tapering, and substance use at different stages of recovery. Moreover, self-treatment strategies and peer-driven advice revealed potential rumors and misinformation. Our findings can guide the design of interventions to improve patient education and communication. They also help address knowledge gaps and misinformation related to treatment. Additionally, the results can support hypothesis generation for future clinical research on medication for opioid use disorder treatment.

Objective: To determine the orthodontic treatment need indices in the adolescents. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontics Department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Dec 2019 to Feb 2020. Methodology: A total of 144 subjects were selected. The orthodontic treatment need was determined using the Index of Orthodontics Treatment Needs (IOTN) and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Dental casts were made for each subject and rated against DAI. Measurements against all ten components of DAI were undertaken based on the patient's occlusal morphology.Intraoral photographs and casts were used to determine the aesthetic and dental health components of IOTN. Results: According to Index of Orthodontics Treatment Needs- Aesthetic Component, high severity and orthodontic treatment need were observed 18(12.5%). Index of Orthodontics Treatment Needs-Dental Health Component showed a high severity and treatment need 55(38.1%), while DAI revealed a high severity and treatment need 106(73.61%) subjects. Kappa analysis exhibited no significant association between IOTN-DHC Index and AC Index (κ=0.089, p=0.158) and only a slight agreement between IOTN-DHC and DAI (κ=0.18, p=0.005). Conclusion: While using DAI and IOTN, the perception of orthodontic treatment needs is assessed differently. Indices exhibited low agreement for high treatment need cases and high agreement for low treatment need cases.

Purpose In addition to molar incisor hypomineralisation, the occurrence of enamel hypomineralisation in the primary dentition has become increasingly important in recent years. Hypomineralised second primary molar (HSPM) is defined as hypomineralisation of systemic origin affecting from one to all four second primary molars. Some years ago, the “Würzburg concept” was introduced, which proposed a grading of MIH findings (MIH treatment need index) in combination with an appropriate treatment plan depending on the severity of the affected tooth. Recently, this concept was updated and new treatment approaches have been added. However, currently, the concept solely addresses the treatment plan for permanent teeth. As there is a need to expand its scope to encompass primary teeth and, consequently, HSPM, this paper seeks to develop the second component of the Würzburg concept, the treatment plan, for the primary dentition in response to the increased focus on the disease in recent years. Although the evidence base for the different treatment options is still weak, there is a need for guidance for clinicians in their day-to-day practice. Methods The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literature, encompassing clinical and laboratory studies along with published guidelines. Results The treatment plan of the HSPM Würzburg concept contains prophylactic and regenerative aspects, non-invasive interventions, temporary and permanent restorative techniques, and extraction. Conclusions The intention is to provide practical guidance to practitioners, acknowledging the necessity for further validation through clinical trials.