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"Triangulation"
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The Criteria Urban Kampong with Triangulation Descriptive Analysis Towards Surabaya Smart City
Everyone has a fundamental human right to housing, which ensures access to a safe, secure, habitable, and affordable home. Surabaya is the most welcoming city for individuals to work and return to their hometowns. Almost all people want to live in the Surabaya area, but the prices of houses are so high. Buying a house in an urban kampong is a way to get close to the nearest budget. The urban kampong is not just a settlement; it is a prominent historical layout due to its unique features as well as the distinct character of the inhabitants. The research aims to determine urban kampong criteria with a descriptive triangulation analysis of Surabaya Smart City. The analysis tool used in this research is triangulation descriptive analysis. The results showed that there are criteria of smartness in everyday practices that urban kampong should have to survive and adapt to make an existence.
Journal Article
High-Speed and High-Precision Algorithm for LCCD-Based Triangulation Height Measurement
To achieve high-speed and high-precision measurements, this study introduces a height measurement system based on LCCD and optical triangulation that utilizes a gray-scale centroid algorithm for sub-pixel positioning. Ultimately, the system achieves a resolution of 10 nm, a repeatability of 15 nm, and a stability of 7.8 nm, by setting up an experimental system in the laboratory.
Journal Article
8000011 Confounding appraisal in case–control and cohort studies
ObjectivePresent methods to detect and evaluate confounding bias in epidemiologic studies.MethodsConfounding is bias that arises when the exposure and outcome share a common cause. Confounding can lead to spurious associations away from or toward the null. Potential confounders can be identified a priori by looking at the literature, to see what others have identified as confounders. Confounders must not be confused with intermediate variables which are on the pathway between exposure and disease.ResultsOnce identified, potential confounders can be controlled in the study design by matching (in either case–control or cohort studies), by stratifying on them in the analysis, or by their inclusion in a model where the outcome is regressed on exposure and potential confounders. Reviewers will need to assess how well potential confounders have been controlled. If there is likely uncontrolled confounding, a reviewer should assess the direction and magnitude of possible confounding bias. This can be done by 1) using negative control outcomes or negative control exposures, 2) triangulation, ie., considering different types of evidence from studies with different designs, or 3) quantitative bias adjustment, using a priori knowledge of the effect of a confounder on outcomes, as well as the likely prevalence of the exposure among exposed and non-exposed, to judge the likely effect of the confounder.ConclusionIn some studies, investigators will have measured potential confounders and controlled for them in the design or analysis. Reviewers will want to consider whether residual confounding is likely to be present. If there are potentially important uncontrolled confounders, reviewers will want to assess the likely impact of such confounding.
Journal Article
Visual Localization of the Tianwen-1 Lander Using Orbital, Descent and Rover Images
Tianwen-1, China’s first Mars exploration mission, was successfully landed in the southern part of Utopia Planitia on 15 May 2021 (UTC+8). Timely and accurately determining the landing location is critical for the subsequent mission operations. For timely localization, the remote landmarks, selected from the panorama generated by the earliest received Navigation and Terrain Cameras (NaTeCam) images, were matched with the Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) generated by high resolution imaging camera (HiRIC) images to obtain the initial result based on the triangulation method. Then, the initial localization result was refined by the descent images received later and the NaTeCam DOM. Finally, the lander location was determined to be (25.066°N, 109.925°E). Verified by the new orbital image with the lander and Zhurong rover visible, the localization accuracy was within a pixel of the HiRIC DOM.
Journal Article
Mendelian randomization
Mendelian randomization (MR) is a term that applies to the use of genetic variation to address causal questions about how modifiable exposures influence different outcomes. The principles of MR are based on Mendel's laws of inheritance and instrumental variable estimation methods, which enable the inference of causal effects in the presence of unobserved confounding. In this Primer, we outline the principles of MR, the instrumental variable conditions underlying MR estimation and some of the methods used for estimation. We go on to discuss how the assumptions underlying an MR study can be assessed and give methods of estimation that are robust to certain violations of these assumptions. We give examples of a range of studies in which MR has been applied, the limitations of current methods of analysis and the outlook for MR in the future. The difference between the assumptions required for MR analysis and other forms of non-interventional epidemiological studies means that MR can be used as part of a triangulation across multiple sources of evidence for causal inference.
Journal Article
An eye-tracking approach to mathematical modelling: Investigating the use of function graphs in describing basic movement
Mathematical modelling is a central skill emphasized in mathematics curricula and a core topic in physics education. This study presents an excerpt from a broader investigation into students’ understanding of functions, focusing specifically on function graphs as tools for describing motion. Employing methodological triangulation - including questionnaires, eye tracking technology, and open-ended in-depth interviews - the study examines how students understand the graph of a daily life movement, specifically walking up stairs. The analysis identifies key difficulties and misconceptions. Although all students demonstrated competence in “reading the data” and “reading between the data,” a majority were unable to correctly identify the graph corresponding to the motion. Various interpretations emerged, with most incorrect responses stemming from a “graph as picture” misconception - where students conflated the graph with either the trajectory of movement or the physical design of the stairs. The findings also reveal a deficiency in covariational thinking among some participants. These insights underscore the importance of developing targeted instructional strategies to enhance conceptual understanding and covariational reasoning in the interpretation of function graphs.
Journal Article
Methodological triangulation: an approach to understanding data
To describe the use of methodological triangulation in a study of how people who had moved to retirement communities were adjusting.
Methodological triangulation involves using more than one kind of method to study a phenomenon. It has been found to be beneficial in providing confirmation of findings, more comprehensive data, increased validity and enhanced understanding of studied phenomena. While many researchers have used this well-established technique, there are few published examples of its use.
The authors used methodological triangulation in their study of people who had moved to retirement communities in Ohio, US.
A blended qualitative and quantitative approach was used.
The collected qualitative data complemented and clarified the quantitative findings by helping to identify common themes. Qualitative data also helped in understanding interventions for promoting 'pulling' factors and for overcoming 'pushing' factors of participants. The authors used focused research questions to reflect the research's purpose and four evaluative criteria--'truth value', 'applicability', 'consistency' and 'neutrality'--to ensure rigour.
This paper provides an example of how methodological triangulation can be used in nursing research. It identifies challenges associated with methodological triangulation, recommends strategies for overcoming them, provides a rationale for using triangulation and explains how to maintain rigour.
Methodological triangulation can be used to enhance the analysis and the interpretation of findings. As data are drawn from multiple sources, it broadens the researcher's insight into the different issues underlying the phenomena being studied.
Journal Article
Cluster Algebras and Triangulated Surfaces Part II: Lambda Lengths
For any cluster algebra whose underlying combinatorial data can be encoded by a bordered surface with marked points, we construct a
geometric realization in terms of suitable decorated Teichmüller space of the surface. On the geometric side, this requires opening the
surface at each interior marked point into an additional geodesic boundary component. On the algebraic side, it relies on the notion of
a non-normalized cluster algebra and the machinery of tropical lambda lengths.
Our model allows for an arbitrary choice of
coefficients which translates into a choice of a family of integral laminations on the surface. It provides an intrinsic interpretation
of cluster variables as renormalized lambda lengths of arcs on the surface. Exchange relations are written in terms of the shear
coordinates of the laminations, and are interpreted as generalized Ptolemy relations for lambda lengths.
This approach gives
alternative proofs for the main structural results from our previous paper, removing unnecessary assumptions on the surface.
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