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This study aimed to investigate the associations of the C‐reactive protein‐triglyceride glucose index (CTI) and the triglyceride‐glucose (TyG) index with prehypertension and hypertension in a Chinese population aged 45 years and older. Based on blood pressure diagnostic criteria, 8389 eligible participants were categorized into three groups. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders (Model 2), individuals in the highest quartiles (Q4) of both indices exhibited a significantly increased risk of hypertension compared to those in the lowest quartiles (Q1). Specifically, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for Q4 were 1.592 (95% CI: 1.354–1.872) for the TyG index and 1.588 (95% CI: 1.356–1.860) for CTI. A similar independent association was observed for prehypertension. Notably, the CTI demonstrated an enhanced responsiveness in identifying hypertension at lower exposure levels, maintaining a significant association in the second quartile (Q2 OR: 1.201, 95% CI: 1.034–1.395). Furthermore, RCS analysis revealed a more pronounced non‐linear dose‐response relationship for CTI (P‐non‐linear < 0.001) than for TyG (P‐non‐linear = 0.045). Both CTI and the TyG index are independent indicators of prehypertension and hypertension in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese adults. Although their standalone discriminatory power is modest (AUC ≈ 0.59), CTI may serve as a supplementary and cost‐effective monitor for the early risk stratification of hypertension, given its responsiveness to non‐linear risk transitions.

Relationships of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and TyG combined with obesity indicators [TyG-waist circumference (TyG-WC), TyG-waist height ratio (TyG-WHtR), TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI)] with kidney stone (KS) have been infrequently investigated among the American. This study aimed to examine these relationships within a substantial, nationwide population. The current cross-sectional study recruited totally 9,808 adult participants in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. For investigating relations of the TyG index, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, and TyG-BMI with KS, multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS), mediation, sensitivity, subgroup and interaction analyses were used. This analysis indicated that TyG combined with obesity indicators [TyG-WC, (odds ratio (OR) = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.69-2.84, < 0.001); TyG-WHtR, (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.73-2.95, < 0.001); TyG-BMI, (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.48-2.39, < 0.001)] exhibited a stronger correlation with KS compared to the TyG index alone (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.10-1.78, = 0.006). Based on RCS analysis, TyG index and TyG combined with obesity indicators were linearly related to KS ( -overall < 0.0001, -nonlinear > 0.05). Mediation analysis indicated that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) had a significant mediating effect. In this study, TyG index and TyG combined with obesity indicators (TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR and TyG-BMI) show a significantly positive relationship to KS. Furthermore, in comparison to the TyG index alone, TyG combined with obesity indicators exhibited enhanced diagnostic relevance.

Aims This study evaluated the association and discriminative ability of several lipid‐ and adiposity‐related indices—triglyceride‐glucose (TyG), TyG‐body mass index (TyG‐BMI), waist‐triglyceride index (WTI), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP)—with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) among Iranian adults with diabetes. Methods In this nationwide cross‐sectional study, data were obtained from 3272 diabetic individuals aged ≥ 25 years who participated in the 2021 world health organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS) survey. Survey‐weighted multivariable logistic regression models were applied for each index, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, clinical and medication‐related factors. Discriminative performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Overall, 27.9% of participants had DKD. Individuals with DKD exhibited significantly higher mean values across all studied indices (p < 0.001). In adjusted analyses, each one‐standard deviation (SD) increase in TyG, TyG‐BMI, WTI, VAI and LAP was associated with 36%, 20%, 27%, 24% and 27% higher odds of DKD, respectively (all p < 0.001). All indices demonstrated moderate discriminative performance, with area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.696 to 0.704; however, no significant differences were observed in their discriminatory ability. Conclusion In this large sample of Iranian adults with diabetes, low‐cost indices were associated with DKD and may help identify high‐risk individuals, particularly in resource‐limited settings. However, their moderate discriminative performance suggests limited standalone diagnostic utility, and longitudinal studies are needed to establish their predictive value. Selected anthropometric indices showed independent associations with diabetic kidney disease in Iranian adults with diabetes, but only moderate discriminatory ability, supporting their use as adjunctive markers rather than standalone diagnostic tools.

Background Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome has been recently proposed by American Heart Association recently. The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and TyG-related indices combined with obesity indicators have proven to be associated with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, there are few studies to explore whether these associations exist among people with CKM syndrome stages 0–3. Methods A total of 7,364 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included. Cox hazard regression and restricted cubic spline regression were used to analyze the associations of these indices with CVD incidence. To compare predictive performance, time-dependent Harrell’s C-indices, net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement were conducted. Results The CVD incidence was 20.55% over nine years. The TyG single index and all the modified TyG indices were capable of predicting CVD incidence. RCS regression analyses showed that all indicators had linear relationships with CVD incidence and these linear relationships of TyG combined with waist circumference (TyG-WC) or waist-to-height ratio (TyG-WHtR) still existed in CKM stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3. TyG-WC (C-index: 0.621, p  < 0.001) and TyG-WHtR (C-index: 0.621, p  < 0.001) almost had the highest C-indices in predicting CVD incidence, compared to single TyG index (C-index: 0.611, p  < 0.001) and TyG combined with body mass index (C-index: 0.616, p  < 0.001). Conclusion The TyG index and all the modified TyG indices were independent predictors of CVD incidence among people with CKM syndrome stages 0–3. It was found that modified indices had better predictive performance, especially TyG combined with waist circumference or waist-to-height ratio.

Background The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI), and triglyceride-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) are substitute indicators for insulin resistance (IR). This study aimed to compare the predictive value of these indicators for 5-year mortality in critically ill patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Methods Critically ill patients with CHF were identified from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care (MIMIC) III and IV databases. The primary outcome was 5-year mortality. The relationship between the three indices and mortality risk was determined using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, Kaplan–Meier (K‒M) analysis and restricted cubic splines analysis. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to compare the ability of the three indices to predict mortality. Finally, whether the IR indices would further increase the predictive ability of the basic model including baseline variables with a significance level between survivors and non-survivors was evaluated by ROC curve. Results Altogether, 1329 patients with CHF were identified from the databases. Cox proportional hazards models indicated that the TyG index was independently associated with an elevated risk of 5-year mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29–1.9), while the TyG-BMI index and TG/HDL-C level were significantly associated with 5-year mortality, with an HR (95% CI) of 1.002 (1.000–1.003) and 1.01 (1.00–1.03), respectively. The K–M analysis revealed that the cumulative incidence of all-cause 5-year death increased with increasing quartiles of the TyG index, TyG-BMI index, or TG/HDL-C ratio. According to the ROC curve, the TyG index outperformed the TyG-BMI and TG/HDL-C ratio at predicting all-cause 5-year mortality (0.608 [0.571–0.645] vs. 0.558 [0.522–0.594] vs. 0.561 [0.524–0.598]). The effect of the TyG index on all-cause mortality was consistent across subgroups, with no significant interaction with randomized factors. Furthermore, adding the TyG index to the basic model for 5-year mortality improved its predictive ability (area under the curve, 0.762 for the basic model vs. 0.769 for the basic model + TyG index); however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion As continuous variables, all three indices were significantly associated with 5-year mortality risk in critically ill patients with CHF. Although these IR indices did not improve the predictive power of the basic model in patients with CHF, the TyG index appears to be the most promising index (vs. TyG-BMI and TG/HDL-C ratio) for prevention and risk stratification in critically ill patients with CHF.

Objective: To determine the association of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with type II diabetes mellitus presenting in primary clinics Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Family Medicine, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Oct 2023 to Jan 2024. Methodology: Patients aged between 25 and 60 years, known cases of Type 2 DM, oral hypoglycemics, and reporting to family medicine clinic for their follow-up were included. Samples of 231 patients were collected for serum triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, and urinary ACR. Patients were divided into DN and non-DN groups based on urinary ACR (cut off <30 mg/g). The TyG index was compared between the two groups. Correlation and association were determined between the TyG index and DN. Results: DN was detected in 48(20.8%) patients while 183(79.2%) were non-DN. Patients with DN had a greater TyG index as compared to those without DN (8.13±0.46 vs 7.19±0.33), and the difference was statistically significant (p-value <0.001).  Correlation studies revealed a positive linear correlation of urinary ACR levels with serum triglyceride (r =0.898, p-value <0.01) and an association study of TyG index with DN revealed OR 1.89 (95% CI 1.38 - 2.35) p<0.001. Conclusion: TyG index is greater in patients with DN as compared to non-DN. TyG index, being a low-cost and routinely available test, has the potential to be used as a risk assessment and early detection tool for DN.

Background This study employed representative data from the U.S. and China to delve into the correlation among migraine prevalence, the triglyceride‒glucose index, a marker of insulin resistance, and the composite indicator of obesity. Methods Cross–sectional data were acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1999 and 2004, as well as from the China Longitudinal Study of Health and Retirement (CHARLS) performed from 2011 to 2012. Weighted logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, smooth curve fitting and threshold effect analysis were used to ascertain the intricate relationships among triglyceride glucose–body mass index (TyG–BMI), triglyceride glucose–waist circumference (TyG–WC), triglyceride glucose–waist height ratio (TyG–WHtR) and migraine. Boruta’s algorithm and nine machine learning models were applied. SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) values were used to analyze leading models, highlighting influential features. Results The analysis included 6,204 U.S. participants and 9,401 Chinese participants. TyG–BMI as well as TyG–WHtR were shown to be strongly correlated with the incidence of migraine among U.S. adults (TyG–BMI: OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.14–1.44, P  < 0.001; TyG–WHtR: OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.09–1.26, P  < 0.001). However, this correlation was not detected in Chinese adults. TyG–BMI indicated a strong positive association beyond the threshold of 206, while TyG–WHtR demonstrated a significant positive link below the cutoff of 7.4. In addition, age was an important interaction factor between TyG–BMI and TyG–WHtR and migraine. The XGBoost model showed excellent performance, with higher AUC values for TyG–BMI than for TyG–WHtR (0.929/0.926). Conclusions The TyG–BMI, relative to the TyG–WHtR, may provide clinicians with information about patients’ insulin sensitivity, thus helping to develop individualized treatment strategies. These findings contribute to population-level health interventions aimed at mitigating metabolic and neurological disease burdens, ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being.

Although accumulating researches were done for investigating the relationship between triglyceride‐glucose index (TyG index) and different diseases, none of the researches have been made in sepsis yet. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between TyG index and clinical outcomes in sepsis based on a large critical care public database. Sepsis patients in Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC‐IV) Database were included. The exposure was TyG index, which was calculated by the equation: ln (TG (mg/dL) × FBG (mg/dL)/2). The outcomes were in‐hospital mortality and 1‐year mortality. The relationship between TyG index and outcomes was performed by Cox regression analysis. Smooth fitting curves were constructed by using generalized additive model. Kaplan–Meier analyses for cumulative hazard of 1‐year mortality in different groups were done. 1103 sepsis patients were included with a median TyG index of 9.78. The mortalities of in‐hospital and 1‐year were 37.53% (n = 414) and 42.25% (n = 466), respectively. After adjusting confounders, there was a significantly negative relationship between TyG index and mortalities of in‐hospital and 1‐year. With the per unit increment in TyG index, the risk of in‐hospital and 1‐year mortality both decreased by 21% (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66–0.94, p = 0.0086 and HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66–0.94, p = 0.0080, respectively). A negative relationship between TyG index and clinical outcomes in sepsis was found.

The C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI), a novel marker that integrates metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, has an uncertain prognostic value for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This retrospective study enrolled 578 patients with AMI admitted to Xuanwu Hospital from 2019 to 2022. All patients were categorized according to tertiles of CTI values. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were applied to explore the relationships of CTI, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) with MACEs. Furthermore, the association between CTI and MACEs was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models, with subgroup analyses assessing this relationship across various clinical conditions. During a follow-up period with a median time of 34 months, 69 patients experienced MACEs, and higher CTI tertiles were associated with a greater cumulative risk of MACEs (Log rank test, = 0.003). RCS analysis showed a positive linear association between CTI and MACEs risk ( -overall = 0.017). Compared with the TyG index (AUC = 0.562, 95% CI: 0.488-0.636) and hs-CRP (AUC = 0.596, 95% CI: 0.530-0.663), CTI demonstrated the highest AUC (0.612, 95% CI: 0.541-0.682). Importantly, the addition of CTI to the baseline model provided significant incremental prognostic value, with significant improvements in both net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), whereas neither the TyG index nor hs-CRP yielded significant improvements. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that the highest CTI tertile had a 3.09-fold increased risk of MACEs compared to the lowest tertile ( < 0.001) in the fully adjusted model, and the association remained stable across subgroups. The CTI is a more promising indicator for predicting MACEs in AMI patients than the TyG index or hs-CRP alone. By integrating the core risk factors of inflammation and insulin resistance, CTI may provide additional value for post-discharge risk stratification, helping to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from precise management.

This study assessed the association between atherosclerosis indices, serum uric acid to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) and triglyceride‐glucose (TyG) index and the prevalence of hypertension among MASHAD cohort participants. In this cross‐sectional study, the participants were divided into hypertensive and non‐hypertensive subjects. The atherosclerosis indices, UHR and TyG index of the two groups were compared. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations of these indices with hypertension in both sex. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to establish the cut‐off values for differentiating hypertensive from non‐hypertensive subjects. p‐values < .05 were considered statistically significant. Data related to 9675 subjects (3035 hypertensive and 6640 non‐hypertensive) were analyzed. The mean values of atherosclerosis indices, UHR and TyG index were significantly higher (p < .001) in the hypertensives compared to non‐hypertensives. After adjustment for potential confounders, among men, the TyG index (OR = 1.360; 95% CI: 1.210–1.530; p < .001) remained an independent factor for hypertension. Among women, atherogenic index of plasma (OR = 1.005; 95% CI: 1.002–1.007; p < .001), UHR (OR = 1.043; 95% CI: 1.026–1.060; p < .001) and TyG index (OR = 1.519; 95% CI: 1.376–1.677; p < .001) remained independent factors for hypertension. ROC curve analysis revealed that compare to the other indices, TyG index had a better predictive value for hypertension in both sex, especially in women.