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This research was developed to investigate whether inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in combination with silicon (Si) can enhance N use efficiency (NUE) in wheat and to evaluate and correlate nutritional and productive components and wheat grain yield. The study was carried out on a Rhodic Hapludox under a no-till system with a completely randomized block design with four replications in a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial scheme: two liming sources (with Ca and Mg silicate as the Si source and limestone); two inoculations (control - without inoculation and seed inoculation with A . brasilense ) and five side-dress N rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha −1 ). The results of this study showed positive improvements in wheat growth production parameters, NUE and grain yield as a function of inoculation associated with N rates. Inoculation can complement and optimize N fertilization, even with high N application rates. The potential benefits of Si use were less evident; however, the use of Si can favour N absorption, even when associated with A . brasilense . Therefore, studies conducted under tropical conditions with Ca and Mg silicate are necessary to better understand the role of Si applied alone or in combination with growth-promoting bacteria such as A . brasilense .

Salinity stress adversely affects wheat growth and productivity, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. This study investigates the combined impact of ascorbic acid (AsA), silver nanoparticles (NPs), and Salvadora oleoides aqueous leaf extract (LE) on wheat tolerance to salinity stress. A randomized complete design (RCD) was employed with fourteen treatments: T1 (5 mM AsA), T2 (10 mM AsA), T3 (20 ppm AgNPs), T4 (40 ppm AgNPs), T5 (5% S. oleoides LE), T6 (10% S. oleoides LE), T7 (20 ppm AgNPs + 5 mM AsA), T8 (20 ppm AgNPs + 10 mM AsA), T9 (40 ppm AgNPs + 5 mM AsA), T10 (40 ppm AgNPs + 10 mM AsA), T11 (20 ppm AgNPs + 5% S. oleoides LE), T12 (20 ppm AgNPs + 10% S. oleoides LE), T13 (40 ppm AgNPs + 5% S. oleoides LE), and T14 (40 ppm AgNPs + 10% S. oleoides LE). Wheat plants were subjected to salinity stress (SS) and no-stress conditions (NoSS) for 50 days. Chlorophyll content, DPPH activity, total soluble proteins and sugars, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, leaf ion concentrations, and nutrient uptake were analyzed. Under SS, T6 (10% LE) showed the lowest chlorophyll-a (90.04%) and b (57.84%). DPPH activity was highest in NoSS with T9 (40 ppm NPs + 5 mM AsA) at 14.40%, and lowest in SS with T6 (10% LE) at 6.67%. Total soluble proteins and sugars were highest in NoSS with T9 (40 ppm NPs + 5 mM AsA) and T6 (10% LE). In SS, SOD activity peaked with T6 (10% LE) at 8.39 U/mg protein, while CAT activity was highest with T9 (40 ppm NPs + 5 mM AsA) at 6.25 U/mg protein. Lipid peroxidation was highest in SS with T6 (10% LE) at 14.67 µM MDA/g fresh weight. Leaf Na and Cl concentrations were highest in SS with T9 (40 ppm NPs + 5 mM AsA), at 14.26% and 44.15%, respectively. The combined application of 40 NPs and 5 AsA (T9) proved most effective in enhancing chlorophyll content and DPPH activity under NoSS, while 10% LE (T6) showed significant improvements in SOD activity and lipid peroxidation mitigation under SS. Future research should explore optimizing treatment concentrations and combinations to further enhance wheat stress tolerance and evaluate long-term effects on crop yield and quality.

Improper nitrogen application time during the crop growing period is one of the most limiting factor for wheat production. A field experiment was conducted in Northwestern Ethiopia with the objective of determining the appropriate N fertilizer application time for improving bread wheat production. Twelve treatments (½ urea at 50% emergence + ½ urea at tillering, ½ urea at tillering + ½ urea at booting, 1/3 rd urea at 50% emergence + 1/3 rd urea at tillering + 1/3 rd urea at booting, 2/3 rd urea at tillering + 1/3 rd urea at booting, all urea at tillering, all urea at booting, all N at tillering, all N at booting, ½ N at sowing+ ½ N at tillering, ½ N 50% emergence + ½ N at tillering, 1/3 rd N at 50% emergence + 1/3 rd N at tillering + 1/3 rd N at booting, ½ N at tillering + ½ N at booting) were lied out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The study showed that wheat grain yield and protein content was highly influenced by the environment and indirectly correlated with each other as affected by N time of applications. The grain yield at Adet, Wonberema and Debre Elies was increased by 31%, 14% and 18%, respectively when N was applied with DAP at sowing over the blanket recommendation. At all locations, grain protein content decreased as the number of N split application increased 1 to 3 times. Thus, depending on the purpose of the producers, it can be concluded that application of ½ urea at 50% emergence + ½ urea at tillering with the application of DAP at sowing gave maximum wheat grain yield, while optimum grain protein content was obtained when N was applied after the crop is emerged and would be used in most dominant wheat producing areas of northwestern Ethiopia. Further study should be conducted on split application of blended fertilizers (NPS, NPSBZN etc.).

In order to address the question of how flavonoids affected root nodulation of faba bean in a wheat and faba bean intercropping system, we set up soil and hydroponic experiments comprising two cropping pattern treatments (intercropped and monocropped) and three nitrogen (N) supply treatments at the deficient (50% N), adequate (100% N), and excessive (150% N) levels with three replicates in a randomized complete block design. Across the three N treatments and two experiments, it was frequently observed that intercropping increased but N fertilization decreased the nodule number and nodule dry weight of faba bean. Six types of flavonoids were detected in the faba bean root secretion, but only genistein, hesperetin, and naringenin often had significant correlations with the nodule number and nodule dry weight. Intercropping increased faba bean root secretions of genistein, hesperetin, and naringenin compared to monoculture only at the deficient and adequate N supply levels. The differences in flavonoids of faba bean caused by the intercropped patterns, N supply levels, and their interactions were mainly significant at flowering stage. In conclusion, interspecies and N supply interactively altered the contents and proportions of flavonoids in faba bean root exudations under wheat and faba bean intercropping. These findings provide insight into flavonoids-nodule-yield interactions in cereal and legume intercropping systems.

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient for crop growth and a limiting factor in food production. Choosing the right P fertilizer formulation is important for crop production systems because P is not mobile in soils, and placing phosphate fertilizers is a major management decision. In addition, root microorganisms play an important role in helping phosphorus fertilization management by regulating soil properties and fertility through different pathways. Our study evaluated the impact of two phosphorous formulations (polyphosphates and orthophosphates) on physiological traits of wheat related to yield (photosynthetic parameters, biomass, and root morphology) and its associated microbiota. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using agricultural soil deficient in P (1.49%). Phenotyping technologies were used at the tillering, stem elongation, heading, flowering, and grain-filling stages. The evaluation of wheat physiological traits revealed highly significant differences between treated and untreated plants but not between phosphorous fertilizers. High-throughput sequencing technologies were applied to analyse the wheat rhizosphere and rhizoplane microbiota at the tillering and the grain-filling growth stages. The alpha- and beta-diversity analyses of bacterial and fungal microbiota revealed differences between fertilized and non-fertilized wheat, rhizosphere, and rhizoplane, and the tillering and grain-filling growth stages. Our study provides new information on the composition of the wheat microbiota in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane during growth stages (Z39 and Z69) under polyphosphate and orthophosphate fertilization. Hence, a deeper understanding of this interaction could provide better insights into managing microbial communities to promote beneficial plant–microbiome interactions for P uptake.

The importance of wheat yellow rust disease, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), has increased substantially due to the emergence of aggressive new Pst races in the last couple of decades. In an era of escalating human populations and climate change, it is vital to understand the infection mechanism of Pst in order to develop better strategies to combat wheat yellow disease. The present study focuses on the identification of small secreted proteins (SSPs) and candidate-secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) that are used by the pathogen to support infection and control disease development. We generated de novo assembled transcriptomes of Pst collected from wheat fields in central Anatolia. We inoculated both susceptible and resistant seedlings with Pst and analyzed haustoria formation. At 10 days post-inoculation (dpi), we analyzed the transcriptomes and identified 10550 Differentially Expressed Unigenes (DEGs), of which 6072 were Pst-mapped. Among those Pst-related genes, 227 were predicted as PstSSPs. In silico characterization was performed using an approach combining the transcriptomic data and data mining results to provide a reliable list to narrow down the ever-expanding repertoire of predicted effectorome. The comprehensive analysis detected 14 Differentially Expressed Small-Secreted Proteins (DESSPs) that overlapped with the genes in available literature data to serve as the best CSEPs for experimental validation. One of the CSEPs was cloned and studied to test the reliability of the presented data. Biological assays show that the randomly selected CSEP, Unigene17495 (PSTG_10917), localizes in the chloroplast and is able to suppress cell death induced by INF1 in a Nicotiana benthamiana heterologous expression system.

The association between hygiene and prevalence of autoimmune disease has been attributed in part to enteric helminth infection. A pilot study of experimental infection with the hookworm Necator americanus was undertaken among a group of otherwise healthy people with celiac disease to test the potential of the helminth to suppress the immunopathology induced by gluten. In a 21-week, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we explored the effects of N. americanus infection in 20 healthy, helminth-naïve adults with celiac disease well controlled by diet. Staged cutaneous inoculations with 10 and 5 infective 3(rd) stage hookworm larvae or placebo were performed at week-0 and -12 respectively. At week-20, a five day oral wheat challenge equivalent to 16 grams of gluten per day was undertaken. Primary outcomes included duodenal Marsh score and quantification of the immunodominant α-gliadin peptide (QE65)-specific systemic interferon-γ-producing cells by ELISpot pre- and post-wheat challenge. Enteric colonisation with hookworm established in all 10 cases, resulting in transiently painful enteritis in 5. Chronic infection was asymptomatic, with no effect on hemoglobin levels. Although some duodenal eosinophilia was apparent, hookworm-infected mucosa retained a healthy appearance. In both groups, wheat challenge caused deterioration in both primary and several secondary outcomes. Experimental N. americanus infection proved to be safe and enabled testing its effect on a range of measures of the human autoimmune response. Infection imposed no obvious benefit on pathology. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00671138.

PurposeEnrichment of wheat bread with either α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) or an inclusion complex of hydroxytyrosol (HT) and α-CD was performed to examine potential postprandial benefits.MethodsTen healthy normoglycaemic adults were provided with either a glucose solution (reference food, GS), white wheat bread (WB), wheat bread enriched with α-CD (α-CDB) or wheat bread enriched with HT/α-CD complex ((HT + α-CD)B), with 1-week intervals in amounts that yielded 50 g of available carbohydrates. Venous blood samples were collected before consumption and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min, postprandially. Glycaemic, insulinaemic and appetite hormone responses as well as glycaemic index (GI) and subjective appetite ratings were evaluated.ResultsBoth enriched breads were characterized as low GI foods (α-CDB:49.7, (HT + α-CD)B:40.0) and presented similar reduction in glucose, insulin and GLP-1 responses. Significant differences were found in glucose values 45 min after (HT + α-CD)B consumption compared to α-CDB (P < 0.05) as well as in serum ghrelin, 120 min postprandially, between (HT + α-CD)B and WB in (− 90.55 ± 29.17 and 16.53 ± 21.78 pg/dL, respectively, P < 0.05). Neither of the enriched breads prevailed regarding the induced self-reported satiety. However, their consumption led to a lower desire for the next meal compared to WB.ConclusionEnrichment of bread with α-CD resulted in positive effects on postprandial glycaemia and induced satiety. Incorporation of encapsulated HT offered similar overall acceptability, due to the bitter taste-masking effect provided by α-CD, and a slightly additional positive effect in postprandial glycaemia and satiety. The development of foods with favorable metabolic effects is of great importance for the prevention of chronic diseases. The study was prospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04725955, date: 27th January 2021).

The study investigates the effects of wheat biscuits supplemented with plant flours originating from legumes/seeds enriched either in L-arginine (L-arg) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on postprandial glucose response of healthy subjects. Gastrointestinal hormone and amino acid responses as well as subjective appetite sensations are also evaluated. Subjects consumed wheat-based biscuits, enriched either in L-arg (ArgB) or BCAAs (BCAAsB) or a conventional wheat biscuit (CB) or a glucose solution (GS) in an acute randomized crossover design. Responses of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY) and glicentin, as well as those of L-arginine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine, were evaluated over 180 min. Consumption of ArgB and BCAAsB elicited lower glucose iAUC compared to GS (p < 0.05). A lower iAUC for insulin was observed after consumption of BCAAsB (p < 0.05 compared to CB and ArgB), while ArgB elicited higher iAUC for GLP-1 accompanied by higher glicentin response (p < 0.05 compared to CB). BCAAsB and ArgB increased postprandial amino acid concentrations and caused stronger satiety effects compared to CB. Increasing protein content of wheat biscuits with supplementation of plant flours originating from legumes/seeds decreases postprandial glycemia and provides with healthier snack alternatives which can easily be incorporated into diet.

This randomized, single blind, cross-over study investigated the glycemic responses to three spaghetti No 7 types differing in dietary protein and soluble fiber content. Fourteen clinically and metabolically healthy, fasting individuals (25 ± 1 years; ten women; BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m2) received isoglucidic test meals (50 g available carbohydrate) and 50 g glucose reference, in random order. GI was calculated using the FAO/WHO method. Capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min. Subjective appetite ratings (hunger, fullness, and desire to eat) were assessed by visual analogue scales (VAS, 100 mm) at baseline and 120 min. All three spaghetti types (regular, whole wheat, and high soluble fiber–low carbohydrates) provided low GI values (33, 38, and 41, respectively, on glucose scale) and lower peak glucose values compared to glucose or white bread. No differences were observed between spaghetti No 7 types for fasting glucose, fasting and post-test-meal insulin concentrations, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and subjective appetite. Conclusions: all spaghetti No 7 types, regardless of soluble fiber and/or protein content, attenuated postprandial glycemic response, which may offer advantages to glycemic control.