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The author goes on to explore a startling shift at midcentury in the perception of the tropical forest--from the \"jungle,\" a place that endangers human life, to the \"rain forest,\" a place that is itself endangered.

Informed by the interdisciplinary methodology of cultural studies, Sites of Memory in Spain and Latin America is a significant addition to the growing corpus of studies in historical memory, particularly those reflecting issues concerning processes of historical memory in Hispanic societies. This collection is one of the few that covers a heterogeneous body of cultural products and social movements emerging in contemporary Spain and in the Latin American context spanning the pre-Columbian and colonial eras to the present.

160 years after the discovery of its waterborne transmission and 120 years after the development of the first-generation of vaccines, typhoid fever remains a major health threat globally. In this Historical Review, we use WHO's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing to examine changes in typhoid control policy from January, 1940, to December, 2019. We used a mixed-methods approach in the analysis of infection control priorities, combining semi-inductive thematic coding with historical analysis to show major thematic shifts in typhoid control policy, away from water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-based control towards vaccine-based interventions concurrent with declining attention to the disease. Documentary analysis shows that, although international planners never officially disavowed WASH and low-income countries persistently lobbied for WASH, vaccines emerged as a permanent stopgap while meaningful support of sustained WASH strengthening lost momentum—with serious, long-term ramifications for typhoid control.

This afterword provides a critical examination of the historical connections between tourism and empire. To contextualise this discussion, a concise overview is provided of the history of tourism, its entanglements with empire and expansion into a truly global industry in the modern era. This is followed by an analysis that draws on the articles making up this special issue in order to highlight their contributions and connections to the most recent wider literature and in particular the significant themes raised that have thus far been underrepresented in the nascent historiography on tourism and empire. The afterword finishes by providing a strong argument for the necessity of continuing this line of investigation further, with a particular emphasis on the need to understand the double role of tourism as both an instrument of imperial oppression, as well as a site of localised forms of agency and contestation.

The objective of this article is to reappraise both the accuracy of the official export statistics and the narrative of Brazilian export growth during the period immediately following independence. We undertake an accuracy test of the official values of Brazilian export statistics and find evidence of considerable under-valuation. Once corrected, during the post-independence decades (1821–50) Brazil's current exports represented a larger share of its economy and its constant growth is found to be more dynamic than any other period of the nineteenth century. We posit that this dynamism was related to an exogenous institutional shock in the form of British West Indies slave emancipation that afforded Brazil a competitive advantage. El objetivo de este artículo es reconsiderar tanto la exactitud de las estadísticas oficiales de exportación y la narrativa del crecimiento de exportaciones de Brasil durante el período inmediatamente posterior a la independencia. Aquí se realiza un examen sobre la exactitud de los valores oficiales de las estadísticas sobre la exportaciones brasileñas y encontramos evidencias de una subvaloración considerable. Una vez corregidas, durante las décadas post independentistas (1821–1850), las exportaciones de Brasil representan una parte mayor de su economía y demostramos que su constante crecimiento resultó ser más dinámico que en cualquier otro periodo de ese siglo. Sostenemos que dicho dinamismo se relacionó con un choque institucional externo en la forma de la emancipación de esclavos de las colonias británicas en el Caribe que dio a Brasil una ventaja competitiva. O objetivo deste artigo é reavaliar tanto a precisão das estatísticas oficiais relacionadas às exportações quanto as narrativas sobre o crescimento das exportações brasileiras no período logo após a independência. Realizamos um teste de precisão dos valores das estatísticas oficiais de exportações brasileiras e encontramos evidências de uma considerável subvalorizarão. Uma vez feitas as correções, durante as décadas pós-independência (1821–1850) as exportações brasileiras representaram uma parcela maior da economia do país e o crescimento constante das exportações demonstra ter sido mais dinâmico que em qualquer outro período do século XIX. Postulamos que este dinamismo estava relacionado ao choque institucional exógeno representado pela abolição da escravidão nas Índias Ocidentais britânicas que garantiram uma vantagem competitiva ao Brasil.

This study explores the trajectory of interest in and use of Extractum Cannabis (hemp extract, i.e., extract of Cannabis sativa L.) for the symptomatic treatment of minor gastrointestinal distress and dyspepsia in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) prior to 1939, through a review of primary sources. The objective of this paper is to present a historical pharmaceutical and applied review of the medical use of the hemp genus (Cannabis L.) prior to its prohibition, thereby contributing to its recognition as a medicinal product. The information provided demonstrates evidence of the medicinal use of cannabis within the historical context studied. The interactions between this legacy medical use and the contemporary body of pharmacological and toxicological knowledge (on hemp, its constituents, and the endocannabinoid system in gastrointestinal and stomach disorders) are discussed, providing new possible clinical perspectives. Within its limitations—including the scope, limited accessibility to, and varying quality of archives—this research contributes to a more granular understanding of the historical embeddedness of psychoactive hemp medicines in northeastern Spain, suggesting that medical and pharmaceutical traditions could play a role in informing contemporary approaches to “medical marijuana”.

Purpose Working conditions, pay rates and the rights of workers to collectively negotiate have become important points of discussions in recent years, with support for unions and union applications rising to levels long unseen in America. In many instances, though, companies have responded aggressively. This is not the first time such a dynamic has played out in American business. This study aims to take a fresh look at one of America’s most prominent historical disputes between labor and ownership – the Homestead Massacre of 1892 – to glean lessons from that conflict that remain relevant to today’s business environment. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts game theory and the principles of repeated interaction to assess how differing discount factors led to differences in time orientations between the workers and the Carnegie company. These differing time orientations affected both the strategy each side deployed in the negotiations and the payoffs received by the parties. Letters, contemporary news reports and histories of the events leading up to and immediately following the 1892 Homestead Massacre are qualitatively analyzed with a genealogical pragmatic approach. Findings Differences in temporal orientation between management and workers exacerbated the conflict, with the workers adopting a more cooperative stance and distal time orientation, while the Carnegie company negotiated with a proximal time orientation and played to “win” a game that, in fact, could not be fully won or lost given its infinitely repeating nature. The result was a short-term victory for the Carnegie company but with long-term negative consequences that highlight the suboptimal outcome the company achieved by playing a proximal strategy in an infinite game. Originality/value Although the incident at Homestead is a well-studied labor dispute, many of the themes that preceded the incident have resurfaced in the modern work context. This work, by adopting game theory as an analytical framework, provides new insights into management mistakes that led to the labor conflict and lessons for what present-day managers can do to avoid exacerbating labor strife.

If slave societies in the Atlantic world were based on \"creole ecologies,\" that is, on bringing enslaved African workers to the Americas to cultivate an Asian crop (sugar), then how would those workers' acquisition of environmental knowledge alter such a project? In this article I argue that a fruitful response to that question lies in the concept of environmental creolization: the process of familiarization with New World environments that enslaved people from Africa developed upon arriving in the Americas. After tracing its origins in the convergence between the historiographies of transatlantic slavery and environmental history, I discuss the trajectories of three Black individuals living in nineteenth-century Amazonia who used their knowledge of local environments to carve better working conditions inside the institution, and to slowly exit it. Their cases not only illustrate the centrality of environmental knowledge in the tropical and forested areas of the Americas, but also illuminate how a successful environmental creolization greatly impacted contests over autonomy and freedom throughout the Atlantic world.