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"Tuaregs Ethnic identity."
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The lesser gods of the Sahara : social change and contested terrain amongst the Tuareg of Algeria
The northern Tuareg (the Tuareg of Algeria) - the nomadic, blue-veiled warlords of the Central Sahara - were finally defeated militarily by the French at the battle of Tit in 1902. Some sixty years later, following Algerian independence in 1962, they were visited by a young English anthropologist, Jeremy Keenan. During the course of seven years, Keenan studied their way of life, the social, political and economic changes that had taken place in their society since traditional, pre-colonial times, and their resistance and adaptation to the modernising forces of the new Algerian state. In 1999, following eight years during which Algeria's Tuareg were effectively isolated from the outside world as a result of Algeria's political crisis, Keenan returned to visit them once again. Following a further four years of study, he has written a series of eight essays that capture the key changes that have occurred amongst Algeria's Tuareg in the forty years since independence.
eBook
The Lesser Gods of the Sahara
The northern Tuareg (the Tuareg of Algeria) - the nomadic, blue-veiled warlords of the Central Sahara - were finally defeated militarily by the French at the battle of Tit in 1902. Some sixty years later, following Algerian independence in 1962, they were visited by a young English anthropologist, Jeremy Keenan. During the course of seven years, Keenan studied their way of life, the social, political and economic changes that had taken place in their society since traditional, pre-colonial times, and their resistance and adaptation to the modernising forces of the new Algerian state. In 1999, following eight years during which Algeria's Tuareg were effectively isolated from the outside world as a result of Algeria's political crisis, Keenan returned to visit them once again. Following a further four years of study, he has written a series of eight essays that capture the key changes that have occurred amongst Algeria's Tuareg in the forty years since independence.
1. From Tit (1902) to Tahilahi (2002) - A Reconsideration of the Impact of and Resistance to French Pacification and Colonial Rule by the Tuareg of Algeria (the Northern Tuareg) 2. Ethnicity, Regionalism and Political Stability in Algeria's Grand Sud 3. Dressing for the Occasion - Changes in the Symbolic Meanings of the Tuareg Veil 4. The End of the Matriline? The Changing Roles of Women and Descent amongst the Algerian Tuareg 5. The Last Nomads - Nomadism among the Tuareg of Ahaggar (Algerian Sahara) 6. The Lesser Gods of the Sahara 7. Contested Terrain - The Threat of Mass Tourism to the Environment and Cultural Heritage of Algeria's Saharan Regions
'The Lesser gods of the Sahara is a richly informative volume.' - Mediterraneans (Maison des Sciences de l'Homme
eBook
A Southern View on the Tuareg Rebellions in Mali
Since Mali’s independence in 1960, the Tuareg, a minority ethnic group, have staged successive rebellions, with the major ones occurring in 1963, 1990, 2006, and 2012. While discussions of “the Tuareg issue” have sometimes led both the Malian and the international press, as well as scholars, to make inaccurate generalizations, it is true that almost all the armed conflicts of the past fifty years in Mali were originated by people of the Tuareg group. Therefore, many of their Malian compatriots hold the Tuareg people responsible for the destruction of life and human rights violations that have taken place since the beginning of 2012. This article focuses on the events of 2012 and their aftermath and explores some social, cultural, and political differences between northern Tuareg and southern Bamana peoples in particular. It asks two specific questions: Is there something about Tuareg society, culture, and politics (i.e., Tuareg identity) that causes an incompatibility with the Mali Republic? And if not, where has the Malian government failed through the successive regimes since independence? Depuis l’indépendance du Mali en 1960, les Touaregs, groupe ethnique minoritaire, ont organisé des rébellions successives, dont les plus importantes ont eu lieu en 1963, 1990, 2006 et 2012. Alors que les discussions de “la question touarègue” ont conduit parfois les maliens et la presse internationale, ainsi que des universitaires, a faire des généralisations inexactes, il est vrai que presque tous les conflits armés de ces cinquante dernières années au Mali ont pour origine le groupe Touareg. Par conséquent, bon nombre de leurs compatriotes maliens tiennent le peuple touareg responsable de la destruction de la vie et des violations des droits de l’homme qui ont eu lieu depuis le début de 2012. Cet article se concentre sur les événements de 2012 et leurs conséquences et explore certaines différences sociales, culturelles et politiques entre les peuples Touareg du Nord et Bamana du Sud en particulier. Cet article pose deux questions spécifiques: Y a-t-il quelque chose sur la société, culture et politique touarègue (c’est-à-dire l’identité touarègue) qui est à la base d’une incompatibilité avec la République du Mali? Et sinon, où est-ce que le gouvernement malien a-t-il échoué dans les régimes successifs depuis l’indépendance?
Journal Article
Global Media and Local Verbal Art Representations of Northern Malian Tuareg
This article offers a critique of widely disseminated portrayals of northern Malian Tuareg by outside media, which tend to portray all Tuareg as warriors and criminals and to project pseudo-scientific concepts of “race” onto relationships between Tuareg and other Malians, recalling the now discredited colonial “Hamitic Myth” in Rwanda. It also analyzes local oral historical accounts that present themes of Mali as both a protected fortress and welcoming crossroads, a country that both resists and absorbs intruders, and that also express concepts of identity based on language, culture, and flexible social affiliation. The article is based partly on interviews with internationally known local musicians who function as mediating “third voices,” and concludes with a discussion of wider implications of these findings for notions of voice, authority, and the mutual construction of ideas of Africa. Les médias extérieurs tendent à décrire les Touaregs comme des guerriers et des criminels et à projeter des concepts pseudo-scientifiques de “race” sur les relations entre les Touaregs et les autres Maliens, rappelant le “mythe hamitique” au Rwanda. Ce papier analyse les récits historiques oraux locaux qui présentent les thèmes du Mali comme une forteresse protégée et un carrefour accueillant, un pays qui résiste et absorbe les intrus et qui exprime aussi des concepts d’identité fondés sur la langue, la culture et l’affiliation sociale flexible. Cet article est basé en partie sur des entretiens avec des musiciens locaux connus à l’échelle internationale qui fonctionnent comme des “troisièmes voix” médiatrices et conclut avec une discussion des implications plus larges de ces résultats pour les notions de voix, d’autorité et la construction mutuelle des idées en Afrique.
Journal Article
MODERN NOMADS, VAGABONDS, OR COSMOPOLITANS? Reflections on Contemporary Tuareg Society
The Tuareg traditional lifeways of nomadism and pastoralism have been facing vigorous challenges during recent decades. But the Tuareg are not just victims of global processes. Instead, they have developed creative strategies for dealing with and participating in the outside world, and they have shown an extensive capacity to adapt and to cope with transformation processes. This article deals with a part of recent Tuareg society (ishumar) and discusses whether the three terms \"modern nomads,\" \"vagabonds,\" and \"cosmopolitans\" suitably describe this \"borderliner\" society. Are ishumar \"modern nomads\" because they move irregularly, adapting to various situations, and, for the most part, according to individual choice or preference in the Libyan-Algerian-Nigerien-Malian borderlands? Are they simply \"vagabonds,\" owing to their disrupted life circumstances and their lack of traditional morals, norms, and values? Or are they \"cosmopolitans\" because they are exiles and migrants, and victims of modernity?
Journal Article
PERFORMING CULTURE: A TUAREG ARTISAN AS CULTURAL INTERPRETER
A Tuareg smith visited an import shop in Texas to discuss, display, and enact aspects of Tuareg art and culture, and later held informal conversations at a reception. This artisan, at home in Niger, is a member of a social category that manufactures jewelry, tools, and weapons, presides at rites of passage, recites histories, and serves as go-betweens for their aristocratic patrons. This essay describes the artisan's control over cultural representation in this \"borderlands\" encounter and analyzes cultural tradition as a multi-mediated process. At the Texas shop, this artist gave a \"performance\" of cultural intimacy. Notwithstanding his talented presentation, there were struggles over translation and representation which alternately empowered and muted his cultural voice. Like many ethnographers, this \"cultural ambassador\" must deploy rhetorical strategies to convey his culture, and in that way this essay contributes to studies of negotiation over meaning by mediators between cultures.
Journal Article