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Rise of Turfs: A New Battlefront for Globally Declining Kelp Forests
Kelp forests are structurally complex habitats, which provide valuable services along 25% of the world's coastlines. Globally, many kelp forests have disappeared and been replaced by turf algae over the last decade. Evidence that environmental conditions are becoming less favorable for kelps, combined with a lack of observed recovery, raises concern that these changes represent persistent regime shifts. Here, we show that human activities mediate turf transitions through geographically disparate abiotic (warming and eutrophication) and biotic (herbivory and epiphytism) drivers of kelp loss. Evidence suggests kelp forests are pushed beyond tipping points where new, stabilizing feedback systems (sedimentation, competition, and Allee effects) reinforce turf dominance. Although these new locks on the degraded ecosystems are strong, a mechanistic understanding of feedback systems and interactions between global and local drivers of kelp loss will expose which processes are easier to control. This should provide management solutions to curb the pervasive trend of the flattening of kelp forests globally.
Journal Article
Physiological and turf quality responses of tall fescue to varying irrigation levels and nitrogen doses under Mediterranean climate conditions
Background
Water scarcity and growing environmental concerns have increased the need for effective irrigation and fertilization practices in turf management. This study investigated the effects of different irrigation levels (IL) and nitrogen doses (ND) on turf quality, color, clipping yield, and selected physiological parameters of tall fescue [
Schedonorus arundinaceus
(Schreb.) Dumort] under Mediterranean climate conditions. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a split‒split plot design with three replications. The irrigation levels were set at 25% (IL1), 50% (IL2), 75% (IL3), and 100% (IL4) pan evaporation, while nitrogen doses of 0.00, 1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 g m
−2
were applied.
Results
The irrigation level and nitrogen application significantly affected turf color, quality, clipping yield, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, turgor loss, and electrolyte leakage. Increased irrigation and nitrogen levels increased the leaf RWC and chlorophyll content while reducing turgor loss and electrolyte leakage, ultimately improving plant tolerance to environmental stress.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that acceptable turf color and quality throughout the year can be achieved with a 50% irrigation level and a nitrogen dose of 5.00 g m
−2
. A more economical and environmentally friendly alternative may be the combination of 50% irrigation and 2.50 g m
−2
nitrogen, which is particularly effective in spring and autumn. In contrast, the combination of 25% or 50% irrigation with 1.25 g m
−2
nitrogen did not result in acceptable turf quality in any season. However, acceptable turf color and quality can still be maintained in water-limited regions, especially during spring and autumn, by applying 5 g m
−2
nitrogen under 25% irrigation.
Journal Article
