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How far was the end of the Ottoman Empire the result of Great Power imperialism and how far the result of structural weaknesses within the Empire itself? These studies of the foreign policy of each of the Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire examine these fundamental issues. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol 25, No 1, Jan 97 \"An unusually successful and well-integrated collaborative volume.

In 1683, an Ottoman army that stretched from horizon to horizon set out to seize the “Golden Apple,\" as Turks referred to Vienna. The ensuing siege pitted battle-hardened Janissaries wielding seventeenth-century grenades against Habsburg armies, widely feared for their savagery. The walls of Vienna bristled with guns as the besieging Ottoman host launched bombs, fired cannons, and showered the populace with arrows during the battle for Christianity's bulwark. Each side was sustained by the hatred of its age-old enemy, certain that victory would be won by the grace of God. The Great Siege of Vienna is the centerpiece for historian Andrew Wheatcroft's richly drawn portrait of the centuries-long rivalry between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires for control of the European continent. A gripping work by a master historian, The Enemy at the Gate offers a timely examination of an epic clash of civilizations.

These papers examine the history behind Turkey’s application for EU membership. The contributors tackle the thorny issues of Cyprus, Turkey’s attitude towards a common defence policy and Turkish parliamentarians’ views on the nation’s relations with the European Union.

The Future of Turkish-Western Relations: Toward A Strategic Plan At the European Union's Helsinki Summit in December 1999, Turkey was declared a candidate for EU membership. But European and U.S. stakes in Turkey continue to evolve in today's post-Cold War era, influenced in no small part by Turkey's geopolitical position as a pivotal state. The United States is concerned with Turkish support for U.S. freedom of action in key regions, and Turkey wants to ensure that it will have EU and U.S. assistance in managing its own regional challenges. The Future of Turkish-Western Relations explores the significance of changes on the Turkish domestic scene, as well as the contours of Ankara's increasingly active external policies. The report goes on to discuss Western stakes in the future of a changing Turkey. The authors offer an agenda for closer strategic cooperation in the U.S.-Turkish-European triangle, focusing on key issues such as relations with Russia, energy security, containing weapons proliferation risks in the Middle East, and reinforcing Turkish convergence with the European Union.

This book examines the important issue of Turkey's relationship with Europe. The authors uniquely present the Turkish view of integration within the broad context of the debates on Europeanisation and sovereignty, but with a specific focus on the internal debates and issues in Turkey itself. Key issues considered include populism, economic policy design, nationalism, Islam, human rights, business, public attitudes to Europeanisation and the position of the Turkish polity. 1. Turkey and European Integration: Introduction Section 1: Public Opinion and EU Membership 2. Societal Perceptions of Turkey's EU Membership Section 2: Economic Governance and EU Membership 3. Populism as a Barrier to Intergration with the EU: Rethinking the Copenhagen Criteria 4. Economic Mismangement and Turkey's Troubled Relations with the EU: Is there a Link? 5. Europeanisation of Turkey Peak Business Organisations and Turkey-EU Relations Section 3: Religion and EU membership 6. Islamist Redefinition(s) of European and Islamic Identities in Turkey 7. The Islamist Movement and Turkey-EU Relations Section 4: International-domestic Interactions 8. Helsinki, Copenhagen and Beyond: Challenges to the New Europe and the Turkish state 9. Turkish Political Parties and the EU Discourse in the Post-Helsinki Period: A Case of Europeanization 10. The Turkish Contract of Citizenship and The Union Model: Limits of Convergence 11. Leverage in Theory and Practice: Human Rights and Turkey's EU Candidacy 12. Turkey and European Integration: Conclusion

Turkey is a longstanding ally of the United States and Europe. After the demise of the Soviet empire, Turkeyaposs strategic importance has changed but not diminished. Today Turkey is facing a completely different foreign and security policy environment. However, Turkey is also undergoing extraordinary internal change. Many established political truths of the Republicaposs seventy-five-year-long tradition are increasingly questioned by a growing part of its people. Above all, there is the rise of political Islam and the ensuing clash of ideologies between \"secularists\" and \"Islamists\" as well as the debate about Turkeyaposs \"Kurdish reality.\" Turkeyaposs allies will have to respond to this development by adapting their policies. Nothing less than a re-evaluation and, eventually, a re-orientation in relations with both the United States and Europe is required if Turkey is to remain anchored in the West. This book undertakes a comprehensive overview and analysis of Turkeyaposs internal and external changes and provides elements of a new European and American policy toward a key strategic partner.

The possibility of Turkey joining the European Union has spurred heated debate within the EU, but it is also captivating the entire Middle East. This interest has been interpreted in Turkey as a clear signal that Ankara has emerged as a powerful regional actor. The change in language and rhetoric of Turkish policymakers is clearly visible and bears considerable influence on foreign policy. Here, Aras and Bicakei focus on the Europeanization of Turkey's policy toward a number of Middle Eastern problems. They further analyze the emergence of a European Turkey and harmonization of Turkish and European attitudes in the Middle East. Following the historical analysis that focus more on developments in the recent era, they also discuss Turkey's possible role in enhancing a more active, dynamic, timely, and influential EU policy toward the Middle East.