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\"In the late nineteenth century, the meeting of the Russian and Qing empires in Central Asia radically transformed local Muslim communities. Along this new frontier, a political space emerged that was shaped by the interplay of categories of imperial and spiritual loyalty, institutions of autonomy and extraterritoriality, and complex negotiations between rulers and ruled. As exiles or émigrés, traders or seasonal laborers, a diverse diaspora of Muslims from Chinese Turkistan came into being on tsarist territory, linking China's northwest to intellectual and political trends among the Muslims of Russia. This book explores the history of transnational and national discourses of communal identity within this community, focusing on the Russian Revolution and Civil War, from which emerged the new notion of a Uyghur nation as a political rallying point. In a detailed study of this poorly known but formative period, the book eschews national teleology to instead show how a shifting alliance of constituencies with ties to Xinjiang, often at loggerheads in the fractious politics of the Soviet 1920s, nevertheless reached an unlikely consensus on the existence of a Uyghur nation. It traces efforts to mobilize this diaspora to intervene in the emerging Soviet structures of national autonomy, and to spread the revolution to Xinjiang. Delving into archives from across the Eurasian continent, and fully informed by local Uyghur sources, it offers the first study of modern Central Asia to span the historiographical divide between Russian and Chinese Turkistan. The book's bottom-up perspective encourages a reconsideration of dominant state-centered understandings of nation-building in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.\"--Provided by publisher.

Unruly Speech explores how Uyghurs in China and in the diaspora transgress sociopolitical limits with \"unruly\" communication practices in a quest for change. Drawing on research in China, the United States, and Germany, Saskia Witteborn situates her study against the backdrop of displacement and shows how naming practices and witness accounts become potent ways of resistance in everyday interactions and in global activism. Featuring the voices of Uyghurs from three continents, Unruly Speech analyzes the discursive and material force of place names, social media, surveillance, and the link between witnessing and the discourse on human rights. The book provides a granular view of disruptive communication: its global political moorings and socio-technical control. The rich ethnographic study will appeal to audiences interested in migration and displacement, language and social interaction, advocacy, digital surveillance, and a transnational China.

\"This book analyses the Uyghur community, presenting a brief historical background of the Uyghurs and debating the challenges of emerging Uyghur nationalism in the early 20th century. It elaborates on key issues within the community, such as the identity and current state of religion and worship. It also offers a thoughtful and comprehensive analysis of the Uyghur diaspora, addressing the issue of identity politics, the position of the Uyghurs in Central Asia, and the relations of the Uyghurs with Beijing, notably analyzing the 2009 Urumqi clashes and their long term impact on Turkish-Chinese relations. Re-examining Urghur identity through the lens of history, religion and politics, this is a key read for all scholars interested in China, Eurasia and questions of ethnicity and religion.\"-- Provided by pubisher.

Against the background of the Ürümchi riots (July 2009), this book provides a longitudinal study of contemporary Uyghur identities and Uyghur-Han relations. Previous studies considered China’s Uyghurs from the perspective of the majority Han (state or people). Conversely, The Art of Symbolic Resistance considers Uyghur identities from a local perspective, based on interviews conducted with group members over nearly twenty years. Smith Finley rejects assertions that the Uyghur ethnic group is a ‘creation of the Chinese state’, suggesting that contemporary Uyghur identities involve a complex interplay between long-standing intra-group socio-cultural commonalities and a more recently evolved sense of common enmity towards the Han. This book advances the discipline in three senses: from a focus on sporadic violent opposition to one on everyday symbolic resistance; from state to ‘local’ representations; and from a conceptualisation of Uyghurs as ‘victim’ to one of ‘creative agent’.

Central Asia and Xinjiang – the far north-western province of China – are of increasing international importance. The United States, having established military bases in Central Asia after September 2001, has now become a force in what was previously predominantly a Russian sphere of influence; whilst China, Russia and Iran all continue to exert strong influence. These external, international influences have had a significant impact on local politics, with the overthrow of a long-standing regime in Kyrgyzstan, continued unrest and opposition to the current regime in Uzbekistan and the intensification of Chinese control in Xinjiang. This book explores the effect of global and local dynamics across the region: global influences include the ‘War on Terror’ and international competition for energy resources; local dynamics include Islamic revival, Central Asian nationalism, drugs trafficking; economic development and integration. The authors argue that these multiple challenges, in fact, unite Xinjiang and Central Asia in a common struggle for identities and economic development. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the region’s historical significance, the contemporary international forces which affect the region, and of current political, economic and cultural developments. Colin Mackerras is Professor Emeritus at Griffith University, Australia. His main works on ethnic minorities include China's Minorities: Modernization and Integration in the Twentieth Century and China's Ethnic Minorities and Globalisation . He has written a paper on the Tibetans in contemporary China for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2005. Michael Clarke is a Research Fellow at the Griffith Asia Institute at Griffith University, Australia. He has published numerous articles on the history and contemporary politics of Xinjiang in such journals as Asian Security, Asian Studies Review, Issues & Studies and Terrorism & Political Violence . 1: China, Xinjiang and Central Asia – ‘Glocality’ in the Year 2007 - Donald H. McMillen . 2: The ‘Centrality’ of Central Asia in World History, 1700–2007: From pivot to periphery and back again? - Michael Clarke . 3: Positioning Xinjiang in Eurasian and Chinese History: Differing Visions of the ‘Silk Road’ - James A. Millward . 4: ‘Failed States’ on the ‘Perilous Frontier’: Historical Bases of State Formation in Afghanistan and Central Asia - Geoff Watson . 5: Xinjiang and Central Asia: Interdependency – Not Integration - Ann McMillan . 6: Uyghurs in the Central Asian Republics: Past and Present - Ablet Kamalov . 7: Xinjiang and Central Asia since 1990: Views from Beijing and Washington and Sino–American Relations - Colin Mackerras . 8: Central Asia’s Domestic Stability in Official Russian Security Thinking under Yeltsin and Putin: from Hegemony to Multilateral Pragmatism - Kirill Nourzhanov . 9: ‘Glocality’, ‘Silk Roads’ and New and Little ‘Great Games’ in Xinjiang and Central Asia - Michael Clarke 'This is a worthy book that should be read by all students of international relations with an interest in Central Asia' - L.J.Newby, University of oxford, The China Journal, No. 63

An abundance of research has sought to understand how people seek to restore justice in the face of injustices. However, there is little understanding of how people with refugee and migrant backgrounds respond to systemic injustice and how this may shape their understandings of justice. This study qualitatively explored the meaning of justice and the pathways to restore justice for Uyghur people resettled in Australia. 27 interviews were conducted and analyzed thematically. The results highlight that justice is understood as equal rights, truth, and freedom. Restoring justice included acknowledging injustices, right of return, safety, self-determination, and political intervention.

The recent conflict between indigenous Uyghurs and Han Chinese demonstrates that Xinjiang is a major trouble spot for China, with Uyghur demands for increased autonomy, and where Beijing’s policy is to more firmly integrate the province within China. This book provides an account of how China’s evolving integrationist policies in Xinjiang have influenced its foreign policy in Central Asia since the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949, and how the policy of integration is related to China’s concern for security and its pursuit of increased power and influence in Central Asia. The book traces the development of Xinjiang - from the collapse of the Qing empire in the early twentieth century to the present – and argues that there is a largely complementary relationship between China’s Xinjiang, Central Asia and grand strategy-derived interests. This pattern of interests informs and shapes China’s diplomacy in Central Asia and its approach to the governance of Xinjiang. Michael E. Clarke shows how China’s concerns and policies, although pursued with vigour in recent decades, are of long-standing, and how domestic problems and policies in Xinjiang have for a long time been closely bound up with wider international relations issues. 1. China and the Integration of Xinjiang: The History of a Permanent Provocation 2. Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the Republic of China, 1760-1949 3. Completing the Forbears Behest: The Resurgence of the State’s Integrationist Project under the PRC, 1949-1976 4. ‘Crossing the River by Feeling for the Stones’: Xinjiang in the ‘Reform’ Era, 1976-1990 5. Reaffirming Chinese Control in the Wake of Central Asia’s Transformation, 1991-1995 6. Biding Time and Building Capabilities: Xinjiang and Chinese Foreign Policy in Central Asia, 1996-2001 7. Walking on Three Legs: Balancing China’s Xinjiang, Central Asia and Grand Strategy Derived Interests, 2002-2009 8. The Integration of Xinjiang: Securing China’s ‘Silk Road’ to Great Power Status? \"Overall, Clarke has done a wonderful job of piecing together a political history of Xinjiang’s strategic importance for Chinese policy in Central Asia. The achievement of Xinjiang and China’s Rise is in Clarke’s analysis, which is intelligent and comprehensive and offers a new perspective for framing Xinjiang in the larger global dynamics of contemporary politics.\" - Kristian Petersen, Ph.D., Gustavus Adolphus College; Journal of International and Global Studies \"Clarke's book is indispensible for anyone interested China's ethnic relations, state formation, and foreign policy, especially during the communist regime. Summing Up: Essential. Upper-division undergraduates and above.\" -L. Teh, CHOICE (February 2012) Michael E. Clarke is a Research Fellow at the Griffith Asia Institute, Griffith University, Australia. He is the co-editor of China, Xinjiang and Central Asia: History, Transition and Crossborder Interaction into the 21st Century (also published by Routledge).

In the summer of 1969, China and the Soviet Union teetered at the brink of war. Looking to exploit a perceived vulnerability, Soviets used the language of national liberation to encourage minority peoples along the Sino-Soviet border to collaborate in efforts to destabilize the Chinese frontier. In the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the so-called “Eastern Turkistan People’s Revolutionary Party” heeded this call. The relationship between China and the Muslim Turkic peoples of Xinjiang’s Tarim and Zungharian Basins had long been tense. During the first half of the twentieth century, separatist movements in 1933 and 1944 had taken advantage of Chinese instability and disarray to claim independence for “Eastern Turkistan.” While these regimes proved short-lived, the fantasy of an independent Eastern Turkistan persisted beyond liberation in 1949. During the “Three Districts Revolution,” as the second Eastern Turkistan Republic is generally referred in post-liberation literature, an underground Eastern Turkistan People’s Revolutionary Party existed as Xinjiang’s first Turkic Marxist political party. Formally, this organization later folded and merged with the Chinese Communist Party. Its leaders, including future governor Seypidin Ezizi, formed a core of local leadership that guided Xinjiang through the tumultuous early years of the People’s Republic of China. Subsequent disillusionment with that government, however, led some former members to clandestinely resurrect the old party, with hopes that they could be the vanguards of a third Eastern Turkistan Republic. The domestic chaos forged during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution would provide the opportunity that they sought. As mass organizations began amassing weapons in early 1967, so too did the People’s Revolutionary Party. With Soviet assistance, the partisans expanded their operations and formulated concrete plans for an insurrection against Chinese rule. If they cooperated, cross-border propaganda broadcasts assured them, the Soviet Army and other sympathetic forces would deliver them an independent Eastern Turkistan. When Soviet and Chinese negotiators defused international tensions through diplomacy, however, an already-mobilized Eastern Turkistan People’s Revolutionary Party was left to fend for itself. The party quickly buckled under the weight of an investigation by Chinese security forces.