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Your secret mind : getting to know and living with your unconscious
\"This book will help the reader get to know their unconscious mind through a series of exercises. Results will serve all curious readers well, especially psychotherapists, writers, artists, actors and others working in the world of creativity. It is important for all of us to achieve a deeper understanding of who we are, with the satisfaction that commonly comes with that. Readers will be able to set free their hidden selves to direct their lives in new and satisfying directions. Humans have a complex unconscious mind, containing vital information about who we are, who we were and where we are going. Sigmund Freud deserves the most credit for pointing systematically to channels of access. Today's neuroscience has tested these points of access and is suggesting new ones. This book introduces five well-established methods of gaining useful access to our unconscious mind.The authors have taught the theory, science, and practice discussed in this book for over fifteen years at Stanford University to people of all ages, backgrounds, and interests. \"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The Unconscious Tug-of-War: Exploring the Effect of Stimulus Selection Bias on Creative Problem Solving with Multiple Unconscious Stimuli
Objective: This study innovatively investigated the potential selection bias involved in processing multiple subliminal stimuli during creative problem-solving (CPS). It addresses the existing gap in specialized research on how the handling of multiple unconscious stimuli influences higher-order cognitive processes, particularly creativity. Methods: The study utilized a masked priming paradigm and a remote association task (RAT). Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 presented two stimuli simultaneously, with one being the correct answer, to examine whether there was a bias in the location of subliminal stimuli. In Experiment 2, two stimuli were presented sequentially, with one serving as the answer, to investigate whether there was a temporal bias in unconscious processing. Results: Our findings revealed that when solving easy RATs, subliminal stimuli presented on the left side had a negative priming effect compared to the right side. The results revealed that unconscious processing of subliminal stimuli enhanced performance on difficult CPS. Additionally, a temporal bias was observed, with more recent subliminal stimuli having a stronger effect than earlier stimuli. Conclusion: Unconscious processing can improve CPS, especially for difficult tasks, and there is a bias towards processing stimuli on the left and more recently presented stimuli. These findings contribute to our understanding of unconscious processing, particularly the processing of multiple subliminal stimuli in CPS, and provide insights into the biases that exist in unconscious processing. Keywords: unconscious priming, creative problem solving, remote association test, unconscious processing bias, multiple unconscious influences
Journal Article
Editorial: The Depth and Complexity of Unconscious Processing
The results showed that the target visibility masking interval and the singleton manipulation affected the accuracy and subjective target awareness independently, supporting the concept of independent roles of stimulus-driven attention and awareness. [...]although attention is often entangled in the relationship with consciousness, the dissociation of attention from consciousness makes unconscious attention possible. [...]for specific unconscious processing, even under relatively strict unconscious standards, there were studies that proved the existence of unconscious processing, especially regarding the recent evidence for relatively complex unconscious processing, such as unconscious integration. Shen Tu1*, Jerwen Jou2, Guang Zhao3 and Jun Jiang4* * 1Department of Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China * 2Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas – Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States * 3Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China * 4Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
Journal Article
Unconscious influences on decision making: A critical review
To what extent do we know our own minds when making decisions? Variants of this question have preoccupied researchers in a wide range of domains, from mainstream experimental psychology (cognition, perception, social behavior) to cognitive neuroscience and behavioral economics. A pervasive view places a heavy explanatory burden on an intelligent cognitive unconscious, with many theories assigning causally effective roles to unconscious influences. This article presents a novel framework for evaluating these claims and reviews evidence from three major bodies of research in which unconscious factors have been studied: multiple-cue judgment, deliberation without attention, and decisions under uncertainty. Studies of priming (subliminal and primes-to-behavior) and the role of awareness in movement and perception (e.g., timing of willed actions, blindsight) are also given brief consideration. The review highlights that inadequate procedures for assessing awareness, failures to consider artifactual explanations of “landmark” results, and a tendency to uncritically accept conclusions that fit with our intuitions have all contributed to unconscious influences being ascribed inflated and erroneous explanatory power in theories of decision making. The review concludes by recommending that future research should focus on tasks in which participants' attention is diverted away from the experimenter's hypothesis, rather than the highly reflective tasks that are currently often employed.
Journal Article
Brain potentials reveal unconscious translation during foreign-language comprehension
Whether the native language of bilingual individuals is active during second-language comprehension is the subject of lively debate. Studies of bilingualism have often used a mix of first- and second-language words, thereby creating an artificial \"dual-language\" context. Here, using event-related brain potentials, we demonstrate implicit access to the first language when bilinguals read words exclusively in their second language. Chinese-English bilinguals were required to decide whether English words presented in pairs were related in meaning or not; they were unaware of the fact that half of the words concealed a character repetition when translated into Chinese. Whereas the hidden factor failed to affect behavioral performance, it significantly modulated brain potentials in the expected direction, establishing that English words were automatically and unconsciously translated into Chinese. Critically, the same modulation was found in Chinese monolinguals reading the same words in Chinese, i.e., when Chinese character repetition was evident. Finally, we replicated this pattern of results in the auditory modality by using a listening comprehension task. These findings demonstrate that native-language activation is an unconscious correlate of second-language comprehension.
Journal Article
Regressive research: The pitfalls of post hoc data selection in the study of unconscious mental processes
Many studies of unconscious processing involve comparing a performance measure (e.g., some assessment of perception or memory) with an awareness measure (such as a verbal report or a forced-choice response) taken either concurrently or separately. Unconscious processing is inferred when above-chance performance is combined with null awareness. Often, however, aggregate awareness is better than chance, and data analysis therefore employs a form of extreme group analysis focusing post hoc on participants, trials, or items where awareness is absent or at chance. The pitfalls of this analytic approach are described with particular reference to recent research on implicit learning and subliminal perception. Because of regression to the mean, the approach can mislead researchers into erroneous conclusions concerning unconscious influences on behavior. Recommendations are made about future use of post hoc selection in research on unconscious cognition.
Journal Article