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Apresenta-se neste artigo, a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e sob uma ótica jurídica e filosófica, uma reflexão sobre algumas questões envolvendo a essencialidade da linguagem na produção jurídica, na aplicação do direito, passando por autores que muito contribuíram nesta seara do conhecimento, como Gadamer, Habermas, Wittgenstein, entre outros. Bobbio já referia a deficiência da linguagem para a organização social. Diante disso, há que se concluir que a linguagem é essencial para a aplicação do direito, mas não é um mecanismo perfeito, diante da pluralidade de intérpretes e de significados existentes para a mesma norma jurídica, sendo que a hermenêutica filosófica desenvolve um papel fundamental no processo interpretativo. O artigo que segue procura apresentar elementos críticos ao processo de interpretação jurídica considerando o avanço das teorias clássicas. Propugna-se uma renovação no modo de ser da interpretação jurídica. O avanço adequadamente articulado entre a ontolinguística da teoria hermenêutica e o pragmatismo estrutural da linguística possibilita uma aplicação jurídica pela qual a leitura imprime densidade normativa a princípios e valores jurídicos, sem descambar para a unilateralidade própria da axiologia, do realismo ou mesmo do decisionismo normativista.

O paradigma comunitarista, na formulação de Amitai Etzioni, tem como uma de suas teses centrais o equilíbrio entre Estado, comunidade e mercado. O problema que conduz a presente investigação é se o paradigma comunitarista constitui uma moldura conceitual condizente com os pressupostos das teorias do capital social. A resposta é positiva, ao considerar que a tese do equilíbrio das três esferas recusa a ênfase unilateral na força coercitiva do Estado ou na auto regulação do mercado e confere papel central à comunidade como espaço de criação e recriação dos valores que orientam a vida em sociedade. O método é dedutivo e a técnica de pesquisa é bibliográfica.

Hearing impairment negatively affects well-being and is a major contributor to years lived with disability. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 466 million people were living with disabling hearing impairment in 2018 and this estimate is projected to rise to 630 million by 2030 and to over 900 million by 2050. However, these projections are based on a hearing impairment classification that does not fully reflect the provisions of the International classification of functioning, disability and health for assessing all forms of functional impairments. Here we make the case for a review of the concept of disabling hearing loss adopted by WHO after the recommendation of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Expert Group on Hearing Impairment in 2008. The need for an independent classification system for all impairments and disabilities as a complement to the well-established International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, was first suggested in 1976 by the World Health Assembly. As a result, in 1980 WHO developed the International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. One of the key features of this system was the use of qualifiers such as mild, moderate, severe and profound to distinguish various levels of observed or measured deviations outside of the range considered for normal functioning for any health condition. This categorization has been reinforced in the subsequent revisions to the system, such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and accompanied with descriptions of typical problems encountered in daily activities at various levels of severity. The classification, notably, does not use the term disabling, as it recognizes the needs of all persons with functional impairments for appropriate intervention.

The global prevalence of sensorineural hearing impairment was first reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1985.1 At that time, 42 million people (approximately 1% of the world's population) were estimated to have moderate to profound (or disabling) hearing impairment. By 2011, the estimate rose to 360 million, of whom 32 million were children younger than 15 years.2 The most recent WHO estimate suggests that approximately 466 million people (or 6.1% of the world's population) were living with disabling hearing loss in 2018.3 This estimate is projected to rise to 630 million by 2030 and to over 900 million by 2050. Approximately 90% of people with moderate to profound hearing impairment reside in low- and middleincome countries. The Global Burden of Disease study, which incorporated mild and unilateral hearing loss, estimated that the population with hearing loss rose from 1.2 billion (17.2%) in 2008 to 1.4 billion (18.7%) in 2017.4 This trend has become a serious public health issue that deserves an appropriate and wellcoordinated global action.

Background The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains unknown, which is multifactorial. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is one of the main pathological changes. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) precedes tau pathology by years and may accelerate its progression. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, in the current study, we intended to investigate the effects of CCH on tau propagation. Method Tau‐HEK293 cells, stably expressing tau microtubule‐binding repeat domain with yellow fluorescent protein, were transduced with tau PFFs to assess tau aggregation under oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD). Tau PFFs were injected into the brains of 2‐ to 3‐month‐old PS19 mice, and unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO) was performed to examine the effect of CCH on tau pathology. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze tau pathology, AEP, I2PP2A, BBB‐associated proteins, and the activation of microglia in the brain. Result We found increased levels of tau aggregates, aspartate endopeptidase (AEP), and I2PP2A in OGD treated tau‐HEK293 cells. CCH promoted the propagation of tau pathology in PS19 mice by enhancing the phosphorylation of insoluble tau. Notably, the levels of AEP and I2PP2A were increased in the brains of tau PFF‐injected PS19 mice treated with CCH. Additionaly, AEP was found translocate from the lysosome to cytoplasma, and I2PP2A translocated from the nucleus to cytoplasma. Moreover, CCH also affected the levels of tight junction proteins, the activation of microglia, and the gene expression profiles in tau PFF‐injected PS19 mice. Conclusion These data suggests the involvement of AEP‐I2PP2A in enhanced hyperphosphorylation and propagation of tau pathology associated with CCH.

A key feature of the long-observed ‘core’ hegemony in International Relations (IR) is a linguistic one, yet it remains the least explored and confronted, with even today’s ‘Global IR’ discussion unquestioningly taking place in English. However, the non-English IR world is demographically and intellectually immense, and global IR cannot afford to ignore it. This study argues that English dominance in IR knowledge production and dissemination is a pillar of a dependent relationship between an English-speaking core and a non-English periphery. It further argues that this linguistic unilateralism, through assimilation, is structurally homogenising, and impedes the periphery’s original contribution potential in an imperialistic manner. This study examines 135 journals from 39 countries in the linguistic periphery to assess the degree and nature of English dominance in them. It explores the relationship between publication language and ranking and analyses citations to understand whether language matters for being cited in the core. We conclude with recommendations for institutions, individuals, and knowledge outlets, including a call for greater multilingualism, which – though a possible risk for parochialism and provincialism – is necessary for periphery concept development and incorporation into a broadened ‘core’, and a necessary stage to curbing the imperialistic impact of linguistic unilateralism and encouraging a genuine globalisation of IR.

Presidents select from a range of instruments when creating new policies through executive action. We study strategic substitution in this context and argue that presidents use less visible means of unilateral instruments when Congress is likely to scrutinize presidential action. Using data on unilateral orders issued between 1946 and 2020, we report two main findings. First, analyzing presidents’ choice of instruments, we show that presidents are more likely to substitute memoranda and other less visible instruments for executive orders and proclamations during periods of divided government. Second, after accounting for the substitution of executive orders with other instruments, we find that presidents issue greater numbers of directives during divided government than during unified government. These findings provide new evidence about the limitations of the separation of powers as a constraint on presidential unilateralism and highlight the importance of accounting for the variety of instruments through which presidents create unilateral policies.

Recent research on start-up accelerators has drawn attention to the central importance of social resource exchange among peers for entrepreneurial success. But such peer relationships contain both cooperative and competitive elements, making accelerators a prime example of a mixed-motive context in which successful generalized exchange—unilateral giving without expectations of direct reciprocity—is not a given. In our ethnographic study of a Silicon Valley accelerator, we sought to explore how generalized exchange emerges and evolves over time. Employing an abductive, sequential mixed-methods approach, we develop a process model that helps explain how a system of generalized exchange may or may not emerge. At the core of this model are the interaction rituals within social events that come to create distinct exchange expectations, which are either aligned or incompatible with generalized exchange, resulting in fulfilled or failed exchanges in subsequent encounters. Whereas fulfilled exchanges can kickstart virtuous exchange dynamics and a thriving generalized exchange system, failed exchanges trigger vicious exchange dynamics and an unstable social order. These findings bring clarity to the puzzle of how some generalized exchange systems overcome the social dilemma in mixed-motive contexts by highlighting the central role of alignment between structure and process.