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Explores the issue of industrial accidents in the chemical sector since the 1985 Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal, India, attributing their ongoing occurrence to the sector's political economy. This is demonstrated with a look at the 2005 accident at a BP refinery in Texas City, TX, drawing comparisons between this incident & the Bhopal catastrophe. Attention is given to problems with equipment, subcontracting practices, & corporate cost-cutting & underinvestment. Adapted from the source document.

On Dec. 3, 1984, the worst industrial accident in history occurred when a toxic gas known as MIC leaked from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, killing at least 3,500 people and permanently disabling 50,000. The tragedy in Bhopal brought international attention to the predominantly African-American community of Institute, West Virginia, site of the only Union Carbide plant in the United States that manufactured MIC. Chemical Valley begins with Bhopal and the immediate response in the Kanawha Valley, an area once dubbed by residents \"the chemical capital of the world,\" following events in the valley over the next five years as lines are drawn and all sides heard in the debate between those who fear for their livelihood and those who fear for their lives. Chemical Valley explores issues of job blackmail, racism, and citizens' right to know and to act as it documents one community's struggle to make accountable an industry that has all too often forced communities to choose between safety and jobs.

Approach adopted by the Indian judiciary in response to the 1984 Union Carbide disaster. Events of the case from its inception in US courts to the present; also discusses the Indian legal system.

The paper examines the legal, ethical, and public policy issues involved in the Union Carbide gas leak in India which caused the deaths of over 3000 people and injury to thousands of people. The paper begins with a historical perspective on the operating environment in Bhopal, the events surrounding the accident, then discusses an international situation audit examining internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats faced by Union Carbide at the time of the accident. There is a discussion of management of the various interests involved in international public relations and ethical issues. A review of the financial ratio analysis of the company prior and subsequent to the accident follows, then an examination of the second tragedy of Bhopal - the tragic failure of the international legal system to adequately and timely compensate victims of the accident. The paper concludes with recommendations towards public policy, as well as a call for congressional action regarding international safety of U.S. based multinational operations.

The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance of understanding culture in the development of codes of ethics by multinational firms. The tragic situation that occurred in Bhopal, India is revisited in an attempt to disclose the policy flaws that may have contributed to this disaster. A culturebased framework is provided as a tool to assist multinational managers in setting ethical standards in foreign subsidiaries. Finally, future research directions as well as managerial implications are discussed.

Industrial disasters, reckless disposal of toxic wastes by firms, and misguided housing developments in risky landscapes are inextricably associated with increased incidence of community contamination by toxic or hazardous substances in recent decades.1 According to the 2007 World Disaster Report, the total number of both technological and natural disasters has increased markedly from the 1990s to 2006 (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2007). Edelstein (1988) has described “toxic exposure” of communities as a modern plague with enduring consequences. He coined the term “contaminated community,” defined as any residential area or human settlement located within or in proximity to the designated boundaries of a known environmental hazard exposure.

This chapter contains sections titled: Take Two: from the Top The View from the Middle You're The One Responsible The Case for Safety

Background and events surrounding the poison gas leak at a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, Dec. 1984; 2 articles. Contents: Bhopal: the unfolding of a tragedy, by Vihaya Shankar Varma; Bhopal: the imagination of a disaster, by Shiv Visvanathan.