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Political consumerism is often criticized for its failure to cross class lines, a failure linked to the economic resources and cultural capital of affluent consumers. The early history of the National Consumers' League (NCL) illustrates how an alternative model of consumer citizenship can lead privileged shoppers to draw social boundaries in different ways. The NCL included lower-class women and children as beneficiaries and occasional allies in consumer campaigns, but distanced itself from the organized labor movement. This alternative model of political consumerism is traced to the gender and class cultures of reformist women in the Progressive Era.

Trademark theory implicitly assumes that laws favoring the interests of the producer will inevitably serve the interests of the consumer. Such a claim justifies the way that trademark law privileges the voice of the producer in the marketplace. Historical work has tended to endorse this view, explaining the development of trademarks and trademark law in terms of the information needed for consumers in the modern marketplace. Taking both a historical and “informational” perspective, this essay argues that the producer’s and the consumer’s interests do not so easily align. It speculates that a less varnished history of the mark shows more of a struggle between producers, who seek to have their voice heard without dissent, and consumers, who often want to find alternative yet informed voices to endorse or qualify the information provided by the mark. This alternative view would help explain why, as the paper seeks to show, despite conventional evolutionary narratives, the history of trademarking in the United States is in fact far from linear.

The introduction of collective and certification marks to U.S. law in 1946 by the Lanham Act has generally been regarded as an innovative and forward-looking step. Yet these marks had been widely used by individual states since the previous century, and international conventions had long been pushing the federal government to enact measures to protect them. Indeed, it may be stranger that the U.S. trademark law of 1905 did not include protection for such marks than that, forty years later, the Lanham Act did. In exploring why the law of 1905 failed to respond to widespread innovation, and why the Lanham Act was celebrated for fulfilling such a long-overdue obligation, this article raises questions about conventionally linear accounts of the development of trademark law and practice.

In France, as in many other countries, union dissolution has become increasingly common over the last few decades. While the economic consequences of separation have generated an abundant international literature, research on this question is still rare in France, doubtless for lack of suitable data. This article analyses the labour force participation of men and women in the two years following the first separation. To obtain a sample of sufficient size, two retrospective surveys based on similar occupational history calendars (\"Jeunes et Carrières\" 1997 and \"Familles et Employeurs\" 2005) were grouped together. Propensity score matching techniques were used to compare separated men and women with those still in a union. For separated men, the risk of unemployment increases after separation. Inactive women who separate return to the labour force more frequently than other inactive women. Their return to work is strongly influenced by the age of their children at the time of separation, much more markedly so than for women who remain in a union. The effects of separation are stronger when access to the labour market is difficult; the sharpest rise in unemployment after separation is observed in the period just after 1990. Last, high-educated men and women (who have completed upper secondary education or higher) are better protected against the effects of separation than the loweducated. En France, comme dans de nombreux pays, les séparations conjugales ont fortement augmenté durant les dernières décennies. Si les conséquences économiques de la séparation ont donné lieu à une littérature internationale fournie, les recherches sur ce thème restent encore rares en France, sans doute par manque de données adéquates. Cet article analyse l'offre de travail des hommes et des femmes lors des deux années qui suivent la première séparation. Afin de disposer d'un échantillon de taille suffisante, deux enquêtes rétrospectives au calendrier professionnel semblable (Jeunes et Carrières 1997 et Familles et Employeurs 2005) sont regroupées. Le recours aux méthodes d'appariement par score de propension permet de comparer les hommes et les femmes ayant connu une séparation à ceux qui sont restés en couple. Pour les hommes séparés, le risque de chômage augmente après la séparation. Les femmes séparées inactives avant la séparation retournent davantage sur le marché du travail que les autres femmes inactives. Cette reprise d'activité est fortement influencée par l'âge des enfants au moment de la rupture d'union, de manière encore plus marquée que pour les femmes restées en couple. Les effets de la séparation sont d'autant plus forts que l'accès au marché du travail est difficile. Ainsi, la hausse de la part d'individus au chômage suite à la séparation s'observe principalement sur la période qui suit 1990. Enfin, les hommes et femmes diplômés (titulaires du baccalauréat et plus) s'avèrent plus protégés des effets de la séparation que les moins diplômés. En Francia, como en numerosos países, las separaciones conyugales han aumentado fuertemente durante los últimos decenios. Si las consecuencias económicas de la separación han dado lugar a una literatura internacional importante, en Francia las investigaciones sobre este tema son todavía raras, sin duda por falta de datos adecuados. Este artículo analiza la oferta de trabajo de los hombres y de las mujeres durante los dos años que siguen a la primera separación. A fin de disponer de una muestra de tamaño suficiente, se han reunido los datos de dos encuestas retrospectivas con un calendario profesional similar (Jeunes et Carrières 1997 y Familles et Employeurs 2005). El recurso a métodos de emparejamiento por score de propensión permite comparar los hombres y las mujeres que han conocido una separación a los que han permanecido viviendo en pareja. En los hombres separados, el riesgo de paro aumenta después de la separación. Las mujeres inactivas antes de la separación se presentan más frecuentemente al mercado del trabajo que las otras inactivas. Este comportamiento está fuertemente influido por la edad de los hijos en el momento de la ruptura de unión, y ello de manera más pronunciada que en las mujeres que han permanecido en pareja. El efecto de la separación aumenta con la dificultad del acceso al mercado del trabajo. Así, el alza de la proporción de individuos que están en paro después de una separación se observa principalmente después de 1990. En fin, los hombres y mujeres diplomados (titulares del bachillerato o más) aparecen más protegidos contra los efectos de la separación que los menos diplomados.

The descriptive “conventions” used on food labels are always evolving. Today, however, the changes are so complicated (partly driven by legislation requiring disclosures about environmental impacts, health issues, and geographical provenance) that these labels more often baffle buyers than enlighten them. In a light-handed manner, the article points to how sometimes reading label language can be like deciphering runes—and how if we are familiar with the technical terms, we can find a literal meaning, but still not see the implications. The article could be ten times longer because food labels vary according to cultures—but all food-exporting cultures now take advantage of our short attention-span when faced with these texts. The question is whether less is more—and if so, in this contest for our attention, what “contestant” is voted off.