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"United States Emigration and immigration History 20th century."
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A nation of immigrants reconsidered : US society in an age of restriction, 1924-1965
\"This anthology brings together leading scholars of migration, ethnicity, race, and labor in a broadly comparative reconsideration of how immigration policy became a site for reconfiguring international relations, realigning labor priorities, and reimagining the attributes of citizenship. The decades following the passage of the 1924 Immigration Act are usually viewed as a lull in the long history of immigration to the United States. Through a discriminatory system of national origins quotas, the immigration laws of the 1920s greatly reduced or barred altogether immigration from Asia, southern and eastern Europe, and other parts of the world in order to maintain the dominance of western and northern European stock. Four decades later, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (also known as the Hart-Celler Act) was credited with reopening America's gates, enabling much greater diversity in immigration, and \"inadvertently\" transforming the demographic composition of the United States. The essays in this anthology show that the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act was not a dramatic departure from the status quo but rather emerged from the political struggles of the preceding four decades. Changing conceptions of race relations, citizenship, and America's role in the world, as well as new demands for specialized labor, produced a number of policy shifts that made the 1965 Immigration Act possible. The debates and struggles of the 1924-1965 period critically reshaped American society for decades to come in ways that reverberate to this day\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
How race is made in America
How Race Is Made in America examines Mexican Americans—from 1924, when American law drastically reduced immigration into the United States, to 1965, when many quotas were abolished—to understand how broad themes of race and citizenship are constructed. These years shaped the emergence of what Natalia Molina describes as an immigration regime, which defined the racial categories that continue to influence perceptions in the United States about Mexican Americans, race, and ethnicity. Molina demonstrates that despite the multiplicity of influences that help shape our concept of race, common themes prevail. Examining legal, political, social, and cultural sources related to immigration, she advances the theory that our understanding of race is socially constructed in relational ways—that is, in correspondence to other groups. Molina introduces and explains her central theory, racial scripts, which highlights the ways in which the lives of racialized groups are linked across time and space and thereby affect one another. How Race Is Made in America also shows that these racial scripts are easily adopted and adapted to apply to different racial groups.
eBook
Ellis Island Nation
Though debates over immigration have waxed and waned in the course of American history, the importance of immigrants to the nation's identity is imparted in civics classes, political discourse, and television and film. We are told that the United States is a \"nation of immigrants,\" built by people who came from many lands to make an even better nation. But this belief was relatively new in the twentieth century, a period that saw the establishment of immigrant quotas that endured until the Immigrant and Nationality Act of 1965. What changed over the course of the century, according to historian Robert L. Fleegler, is the rise of \"contributionism,\" the belief that the newcomers from eastern and southern Europe contributed important cultural and economic benefits to American society.
Early twentieth-century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe often found themselves criticized for language and customs at odds with their new culture, but initially found greater acceptance through an emphasis on their similarities to \"native stock\" Americans. Drawing on sources as diverse as World War II films, records of Senate subcommittee hearings, and anti-Communist propaganda,Ellis Island Nationdescribes how contributionism eventually shifted the focus of the immigration debate from assimilation to a Cold War celebration of ethnic diversity and its benefits-helping to ease the passage of 1960s immigration laws that expanded the pool of legal immigrants and setting the stage for the identity politics of the 1970s and 1980s.Ellis Island Nationprovides a historical perspective on recent discussions of multiculturalism and the exclusion of groups that have arrived since the liberalization of immigrant laws.
eBook
Operation Pedro Pan
At the outset the proposal seemed modest: transfer two hundred
unaccompanied Cuban children to Miami to save them from communism.
The time apart from their parents would be short, only until Fidel
Castro fell from power by the result of U.S. force, Cuban
counterrevolutionary tactics, or a combination of both. Families
would be reunited in a matter of months. A plan was hatched, and it
worked-until it ballooned into something so unwieldy that within
two years the modest proposal erupted into what at the time was the
largest migration of unaccompanied minors to the United States.
Operation Pedro Pan explores the undertaking sponsored by
the Miami Catholic Diocese, federal and state offices, child
welfare agencies, and anti-Castro Cubans to bring more than
fourteen thousand unaccompanied children to the United States
during the Cold War. Operation Pedro Pan was the colloquial name
for the Unaccompanied Cuban Children's Program, which began under
government largesse in February 1961. Children without immediate
family support in the United States-some 8,300 minors-received
group and foster care through the Catholic Welfare Bureau and other
religious, governmental, and nongovernmental organizations as young
people were dispersed throughout the country. Using personal
interviews and newly unearthed information, Operation Pedro
Pan provides a deeper understanding of how and why the program
was devised. John A. Gronbeck-Tedesco demonstrates how the
seemingly mundane conditions of everyday life can suddenly uproot
civilians from their routines of work, church, and school and
thrust them into historical prominence. The stories told by Pedro
Pans are filled with horror and resilience and contribute to a
refugee memory that still shapes Cuban American politics and
identity today.
eBook
The Wandering Jew: Emigrants, Refugees, and Olim in the Twentieth Century
The article seeks to provide a comparative perspective on Jewish emigration to the United States and to Mandatory Palestine during the period spanning World War I and the civil war in Ukraine through the closing of the United States borders to immigrants in 1924. The study consists of three sections. The first offers a typological explication of the concepts of emigration, aliyah, and refugeehood. The second part utilizes this typological discussion to characterize Jewish emigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The third section considers the attitudes exhibited by absorbing societies towards newcomers. The article furnishes a detailed account of the socio-political forces shaping Jewish emigration patterns and their implications for identity and absorption. In addition to a critical examination of the ideological, economic, and social context of Jewish migration, it discusses the hardships of displacement and absorption and traces the characteristics inherent to Jewish emigration.
Journal Article
Life in America : comparing immigrant experiences
\"Immigrant groups were not treated equally when they arrived in America... Compare and contrast immigrant experiences and how those experiences changed the United States.
Book
The Creation of the German-Jewish Diaspora
This book is first of its kind to deal with the interwar Jewish emigration from Germany in a comparative framework and follows the entire migration process from the point of view of the emigrants. It combines the usage of social and economic measures with the individual stories of the immigrants, thereby revealing the complex connection between the socio-economic profile varieties and the decisions regarding emigration – if, when and where to. The encounter between the various immigrant-refugee groups and the different host societies in different times produced diverse stories of presence, function, absorption and self-awareness in the three major overseas destinations – Palestine, the USA, and Great Britain -- despite the ostensibly common German-Jewish heritage. Thus German-Jewish immigrants created a new and nuanced fabric of the German-Jewish Diaspora in its main three centers, and shaped distinct identifications and legacies in Israel, Britain, and the United States.
eBook