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Life Satisfaction, Self-Determination, and Consumption Adequacy at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Concentration on consumption in material environments characterized by too much rather than too little creates important gaps in the understanding of how much of the earth’s population navigates the marketplace. This study investigates bottom-of-the-pyramid, or impoverished, consumers to better comprehend the relationship between societal poverty and individual life satisfaction as moderated by psychological need deprivation and described by self-determination theory. Data were gathered from more than 77,000 individuals in 51 of the world’s poorest countries. Using hierarchical linear models, results show that relatedness and autonomy improve poverty’s negative influence on life satisfaction, but only if basic life necessities are available, described as consumption adequacy. Findings illustrate that without consumption adequacy, psychological need fulfillment has little effect on the poverty–well-being relationship, emphasizing the hopelessness of individuals living in extreme poverty. Findings also suggest to researchers that impoverished consumers not only face different circumstances but actually respond to those circumstances in unique ways.
Journal Article
Artisans, Objects and Everyday Life in Renaissance Italy
Did ordinary Italians have a 'Renaissance'? This book presents the first in-depth exploration of how artisans and small local traders experienced the material and cultural Renaissance.
eBook
Unequal Turnout Among the Newly Enfranchised: The Role of Political Efficacy
Unequal political participation increasingly challenges democracies. The turnout gap is particularly large among younger voters, with severe implications for future developments of democratic representation, legitimacy, and quality. This article focuses on the role of political efficacy beliefs in explaining unequal turnout among newly enfranchised citizens. We argue that internal political efficacy beliefs are particularly important for turnout among the newly enfranchised from lower-class backgrounds, as they lack alternative mobilizing factors such as politically aware and active parents, political knowledge, and mobilizing networks. Furthermore, we argue that once these voters successfully turn out in their first election, they are as likely as those from higher-class backgrounds to turn out in their second election. We empirically test these arguments using original longitudinal data on newly enfranchised citizens from three German federal states (Bundesländer). Overall, our results support the argument: Political efficacy beliefs are a stronger predictor of first turnout among young adults from disadvantaged backgrounds compared to those from more advantaged backgrounds, and those who do turn out are as likely as those with higher-class backgrounds to turn out in their second election. This highlights the relevance of political efficacy beliefs in the (re)production of persisting political inequality.
Journal Article
Does Paid Family Leave Improve Household Economic Security Following a Birth? Evidence from California
Many policy makers, scholars, and advocates expect that paid family leave programs will improve household economic security in the period following a birth. Yet empirical evidence of this relationship remains limited. To build evidence in this area, this study draws on 2000–2013 American Community Survey data and a quasi-experimental design to estimate the influence of California's paid family leave program (CA-PFL) on mothers' risk of poverty and household income following a birth. Among mothers of 1-year-olds, results suggest that CA-PFL decreases risk of poverty in the prior year by an estimated 10.2 percent and increases household income over the same period by an estimated 4.1 percent. Gains concentrate among less-educated and low-income single mothers, who tend to have few other supports for combining employment and caregiving. Findings suggest that paid family leave can be an effective policy option to bolster economic security when children are young.
Journal Article
The Introduction of bachelor degrees and the under-representation of students from low social origin in higher education in Germany
In the course of the Bologna Process, European higher education systems have experienced major reforms. In Germany as in several other countries, the main novelty was a reduction of the length of study to get a first-level degree (Bachelor), together with the introduction of a second-level degree (Master's). One of the priorities of the Bologna Process is the so-called 'social dimension', meaning that participation in higher education should be widened by fostering the potential of students from under-represented groups, such as those from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. To evaluate this reform goal, this article tests whether the shortening of the length of study to get a first degree countervails the under-representation. I use variation introduced by the non-uniform adaption of the new degree structure to identify the effect. Using repeated cross-sectional student survey data to generate panel data at the level of study courses, fixed-effects estimators indicate that the shortening has no (positive) effect on the share of students from low social origins.
Journal Article
The New war on the poor
When viewed from the perspective of those who suffer the consequences of repressive approaches to public security, it is often difficult to distinguish state agents from criminals. The mistreatment by police and soldiers examined in this book reflects a new kind of stigmatization.
The New War on the Poor links the experiences of labour migrants crossing Latin America's international borders, indigenous Mexicans defending their territories against capitalist mega-projects, drug wars and paramilitary violence, Afro-Brazilians living on the urban periphery of Salvador, and farmers and business people tired of paying protection to criminal mafias. John Gledhill looks at how and why governments are failing to provide security to disadvantaged citizens while all too often painting them as a menace to the rest of society simply for being poor.
eBook
The evolution of social mobility: Norway during the twentieth century
We document trends in social mobility in Norway using intergenerational income elasticities, the associations between the income percentiles of fathers and sons, and brother correlations. The results of all approaches suggest that social mobility increased substantially between cohorts born in the early 1930s and the early 1940s. Father-son associations remained stable for cohorts born after World War II, while brother correlations continued to decline. The relationship between father and son income percentile ranks is highly non-linear for early cohorts, but it approaches linearity over time. We discuss increasing educational attainment among low- and middle-income families as a possible mechanism underlying these trends.
Journal Article
Artisans, Objects, and Everyday Life in Renaissance Italy
Did ordinary Italians have a Renaissance? This book presents the first in-depth exploration of how artisans and small local traders experienced the material and cultural Renaissance. Drawing on a rich blend of sixteenth-century visual and archival evidence, it examines how individuals and families at artisanal levels (such as shoemakers, barbers, bakers and innkeepers) lived and worked, managed their household economies and consumption, socialised in their homes, and engaged with the arts and the markets for luxury goods. It demonstrates that although the economic and social status of local craftsmen and traders was relatively low, their material possessions show how these men and women who rarely make it into the history books were fully engaged with contemporary culture, cultural customs and the urban way of life. There is a focus on Renaissance Siena, a city that is rarely included in studies of the Italian Renaissance.
eBook
The Political Economy of Environmental Justice
The environmental justice literature convincingly shows that poor people and minorities live in more polluted neighborhoods than do other groups. These findings have sparked a broad activist movement, numerous local lawsuits, and several federal policy reforms. Despite the importance of environmental justice, the topic has received little attention from economists. And yet, economists have much to contribute, as several explanations for the correlation between pollution and marginalized citizens rely on market mechanisms. Understanding the role of these mechanisms is crucial to designing policy remedies, for each lends itself to a different interpretation to the locus of injustices. Moreover, the different mechanisms have varied implications for the efficacy of policy responses—and who gains and loses from them. In the first book-length examination of environmental justice from the perspective of economics, a cast of top contributors evaluates why underprivileged citizens are overexposed to toxic environments and what policy can do to help. While the text engages economic methods, it is written for an interdisciplinary audience.
eBook