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The role of ERF-VII TFs in higher plants is to coordinate their signature response to oxygen deficiency, but additional layers of modulation of ERF-VII activity enrich their regulatory range.

A decade has passed since the discovery of stomatal defense, and the field has expanded considerably with significant understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the process.

Structural and functional roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins in cell wall enlargement are reappraised with insights from mechanics, atomic force microscopy, and other methods.

Changes in the function of stomata from the earliest bryophytes to derived angiosperms are examined.

Extracellular vesicles define lipid bilayer-enclosed, cytosol-containing spheres that, when released by plants and phytopathogens, shape the outcome of the interaction, i.e. by immune-modulation.

Interactions between receptor like kinases and guanyl nucleotide exchange factors together with identification of effector proteins reveal putative ROP GTPases signaling cascades.

Hybridization has played an important role in the evolution of many lineages. With the growing availability of genomic tools and advancements in genomic analyses, it is becoming increasingly clear that gene flow between divergent taxa can generate new phenotypic diversity, allow for adaptation to novel environments, and contribute to speciation. Hybridization can have immediate phenotypic consequences through the expression of hybrid vigor. On longer evolutionary time scales, hybridization can lead to local adaption through the introgression of novel alleles and transgressive segregation and, in some cases, result in the formation of new hybrid species. Studying both the abundance and the evolutionary consequences of hybridization has deep historical roots in plant biology. Many of the hypotheses concerning how and why hybridization contributes to biological diversity currently being investigated were first proposed tens and even hundreds of years ago. In this Update, we discuss how new advancements in genomic and genetic tools are revolutionizing our ability to document the occurrence of and investigate the outcomes of hybridization in plants.

Complex signaling networks between the chloroplast and the nucleus mediate the emergence of the seedling into the light and the establishment of photosynthesis.

Integration of multiple cellular signals provides new opportunities in understanding oxygen sensing and response mechanisms in plants.

Discoveries illuminate highly regulated dynamics of mRNA translation, sequestration, and degradation within the cytoplasm of plants.