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The objective of this research is to investigate the implementation of upgrading areas with high poverty rates by municipal authorities to deliver essential services. This research employs upgrading areas with a high poverty approach to evaluate the effectiveness of government programs and policies in reducing under-resourced neighborhoods. To address the research challenge, we used a qualitative methodology to examine the circumstances of the under-resourced neighborhood. Urban Informal Settlement Governance The research findings indicate that upgrading areas with high poverty rates is regarded as the principal approach and a top priority initiative for the government. The government is implementing measures to decrease the prevalence of under-resourced neighborhoods in Malang City by utilizing political institutions, which are formulating policies that consider both financial resources and urban issues. The government’s upgrading areas with high poverty rates initiative employs an informal strategy that engages the community to enhance and make use of the local environment through the development of regional tourism.

Housing Policies to deal with poorer areas in lower-income countries have shifted from demolitions and evictions to resettlement and to in-situ upgrading and redevelopment. This paper explores the innovative operation of Mojo Poorer Area’s improvement, that integrating aspects of policy, financial, technical and environment, and their impact on economic, social, and health aspects. Using a case study method, this paper analyses qualitative and quantitative data from interviews, field observations, government documents, and a questionnaire survey of 56 households of program beneficiaries. The results show that the most unique approach in this case is the process of discretionary policy for transferring land right between authorities. In addition, the integrated approach can recognize and change marginalized communities’ capital to modern economic, through tourism activities.

By 2023, based on data from the Directorate General of Human Settlements of the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, there are still 4,170 hectares of poorer areas throughout Indonesia that need to be organized. One of the causes of poorer areas is the community’s inability to buy land as land prices become increasingly unaffordable. In dealing with poorer areas, the government issued a policy to implement an Urban Slum Prevention and Quality Improvement Plan (RP2KPKP), which is an action plan document for dealing with and preventing urban poorer areas in order to realize the target of 0% underserved areas. However, the policy has not been effective so far. On the other hand, the United States and Thailand have concepts to overcome community-based poorer areas. The research method is normative legal research with the approach of legislation and concept comparison. Primary legal materials include legislation. Secondary legal materials regarding concept comparison are related to the arrangement of poorer areas. The technique of analysis is grammatical and systematic interpretation. The results of this research show that in overcoming poorer areas in Indonesia to achieve the goal of 0% underserved areas is to adopt the concept in Thailand, where the community can participate in building the desired residence. This research is expected to be a solution for the government in reducing poorer areas in Indonesia so as to achieve the target of 0% underserved areas.

Administrative regions are an important environment for the operation of China’s market economy. The relevant economic subjects cannot predict the policy of adjustment of administrative divisions and carry out conscious migration behavior, adjustment of administrative divisions can be regarded as a quasi-natural experiment. The three cities of Hefei, Wuhu, and Ma’anshan, which are directly related to the adjustment of the administrative division of Chaohu, are taken as the treatment group, and the seven adjacent cities of Lu’an, Huainan, Chuzhou, Bengbu, Anqing, Chizhou, and Tongling are taken as the control group. Differences-in-Differences method and relevant control variables affecting the upgrading of industrial structure are used to test. The test results show that \"Partitions of Chaohu\" has a significant industrial structure upgrading effect by promoting the optimization of spatial layout, the cross-regional flow of production factors and the effective management of Chaohu Lake Basin. At the same time, the increase of total retail sales of consumer goods, urban fixed assets investment, public utility expenses in science, education, culture and health, and population plays a significant positive role in promoting the upgrading of industrial structure, while foreign direct investment plays a certain inhibition role in the upgrading of industrial structure. In order to meet the ever-developing space demands and enhance the impact on surrounding areas, the Hefei metropolitan area should be driven by technological innovation, strengthen the integration of industrial chains, improve the business environment and transportation network, and continuously promote the upgrading of industrial structure and the formation and development of new productive forces.

This study focuses on state-led urbanisation in the Chinese context by examining the effects of urban administrative level upgrading on urbanisation and urban development. We argue that urban administrative level upgrading is an important policy instrument in China that empowers cities to play a leading role in driving national and regional economic development. However, there is a lack of systematic empirical investigation to determine whether the objectives of urban administrative level upgrading have been achieved. Using a quasi-experimental method that combines propensity score matching with the difference-in-difference approach, we thoroughly examine the effects of county- to prefecture-level city upgrading and county to county-level city upgrading on the development performance of cities. The results confirm that county- to prefecture-level city upgrading can positively lead to a significant increase in urban population growth and fiscal revenue in a few years after upgrading, although this may not necessarily lead to rapid industrialisation. However, the same is not true for county to county-level city upgrading. This difference may be because counties and county-level cities are at the same administrative level, whilst prefecture-level cities are at a higher administrative level compared with county-level cities and counties. The results indicate that China’s administrative division system, although restructured, retains hierarchical and level-based structure in the post-reform period. We highlight the continuing strategic role of the Chinese state by establishing new scales and arenas and adjusting administrative structures to promote urban development. 本项研究通过考察城市行政级别升级对城市化和城市发展的影响，重点关注中国背景下国家主导的城市化。我们认为，城市行政级别升级是中国的一项重要政策工具，它使城市在推动国家和地区经济发展中发挥主导作用。然而，缺乏系统的实证研究来确定，城市行政级别升级的目标是否已实现。我们采用将倾向评分匹配与双重差分法相结合的准实验方法，深入研究了县级到地级市升级和县到县级市升级对城市发展绩效的影响。结果证实，县级到地级市的升级可以在升级后的几年内积极地导致城市人口增长和财政收入的显著增加，尽管这可能不一定导致快速的工业化。但是，县到县级市的升级并非如此。这种差异可能是因为，县和县级市处于同一行政级别，而地级市与县级市和县相比处于较高的行政级别。结果表明，中国的行政区划体系虽然经过重组，但在改革后的时期保留了等级和层级结构。我们表明了中国政府发挥的持续性战略作用，其建立新的规模和舞台并调整行政结构来促进城市发展。

This paper examines the digital economy’s impact on rural household consumption upgrading. Existing studies remain mainly at the level of rural consumption scale and rarely address the consumption structure. The specific impact of the development of the digital economy on rural consumption upgrading and its mechanisms of action deserves in-depth study and consideration. We analyzed the related content using the fixed-effect model, the instrumental variable method (IV), the mediation effect model, and three-year panel data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). This study found that, at the scale level, the digital economy contributes to expanding rural household consumption. At the structural level, the digital economy significantly increases the share of enjoyment-oriented household consumption but has no significant effect on development-oriented consumption. Income is an important transmission mechanism for the digital economy to improve rural household consumption. Besides, the impact of the digital economy on the upgrading of rural consumption varies according to income level and age. First published online 23 August 2023

In order to study whether digital inclusive finance has played an active role in promoting rural residents’ consumption and optimizing consumption structure under the background of implementing rural revitalization strategy in China. This study uses macro data from 31 provincial regions in China from 2011 to 2021, and use a fixed-effect model to empirically study the impact of China’s digital inclusive finance development on the scale and structure of rural residents’ consumption, as well as the mechanism and effect differences. The study finds that the development of digital inclusive finance in China can drive the consumption level of rural residents to increase and optimize the consumption structure of rural residents, thus achieving the consumption upgrading of rural residents. At the same time, based on the test of mediating effect, it is found that the development of digital inclusive finance in China can have a positive impact on the consumption upgrading of rural residents by promoting the development of e-commerce. In addition, for different levels of consumption level of rural residents, the development of digital inclusive finance has a positive impact on it, and there is no significant marginal increase or decrease effect. However, for different levels of consumption structure of rural residents, the development of digital inclusive finance has a more obvious promoting effect at its low level. When the development of digital inclusive finance reaches a certain height, its effect on the consumption level of rural residents will weaken, but it will be more significant in optimizing and improving the consumption structure of rural residents in China. There are also differences in the effects of digital inclusive finance on the consumption upgrading of rural residents in different regions, incomes and industrial structures. Plain language summary The influence of the digital inclusive finance on the consumption structure upgrading of rural residents in China Purpose: Under the background of China’s rural revitalization strategy, this study explores the role of digital inclusive finance in boosting rural residents’ consumption and optimizing consumption structure, so as to provide guidance for economic growth and consumption quality in rural areas. Methods: This study uses macro data from 31 provincial regions in China from 2011 to 2021, and uses a fixed-effect model to empirically study the impact of China’s digital inclusive finance development on the scale and structure of rural residents’ consumption, as well as the mechanism and effect differences. Conclusions: The study finds that the development of digital inclusive finance in China can drive the consumption level of rural residents to increase and optimize the consumption structure of rural residents in structural characteristics, mechanism identification and have effect differences. Implications: Efforts will be made to improve the technical level of digital inclusive finance and continue to promote the basic construction of digital inclusive finance. At the same time, vigorously cultivate digital talents in rural areas, which is very important for implementing digital inclusive finance and really benefiting rural residents. Limitations: The core explanatory variable of this paper is Peking University Digital Inclusive Finance Index, but the data source of the index is mainly internet financial institutions such as Ali-pay, which mainly serve online users, and the demand for groups without internet access and offline financial services may not be fully covered; In addition, the digital inclusive finance index uses a number of indicators to reflect the development level of digital inclusive finance. With the rapid development and changes of digital inclusive finance, the weights of some indicators may need to be adjusted in time.

Utilization of fuel oil from biomass (i.e., bio-oil) reduces emission of greenhouse gases. This paper discusses the different pyrolyis processes, physiochemical properties of pyrolysis products, upgrading techniques for safe storage and application in transportation and industrial activities. The production of bio-oil is challenging and requires inclusion of modern technologies. Pyrolysis plays a key role in the production of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels from biomass. About 60–65% yield of bio-oil produced through the pyrolysis process using fluidized bed reactor has been reported. Among the all pyrolysis technologies vacuum pyrolysis was found a well suitable not only for bio-oil production, but also for improving the physicochemical properties of biochar such as surface area, porosity (macro/micro), functional groups, etc. In bio-oil upgrading, catalytic cracking process was observed as a most promising technique for the upgrading of bio-crude in to liquid fuel. Pyrolysis based synthetic fuels are considered as one of the key to saving the potential greenhouse gas emission up to 60—80% as compared to fossil fuels.

The development of rural industry integration (RII) is an important way to revitalize China’s rural industry and resolve problems linked to urban–rural imbalance. This paper introduces a framework for theoretical analysis and offers a new insight into the impact mechanism of RII on the consumption gap between urban and rural areas (CGUR) and its sub-dimensions. On the basis of interprovincial panel data from 2011 to 2022, via the panel regression method and spatial econometric and mediating effect models, we empirically investigate the effect of RII on the CGUR. The results show that the development of RII can directly reduce the CGUR and has an obvious spatial spillover effect. Further examination and mechanism analysis indicate that the role of RII in reducing the CGUR is greater in terms of development consumption and enjoyment consumption than in terms of subsistence consumption. Mediating effect analysis shows that RII exerts a negative effect on the CGUR by promoting increases in farmers’ income and rural consumption and driving regional industrial upgrading. The conclusions not only help clarify the relationship between RII and the CGUR but also lead to suggestions for promoting the sustainable development of the rural industry and realizing rural revitalization in China’s new development stage.

The economic and human consequences of extreme precipitation and the related flooding of urban areas have increased rapidly over the past decades. Some of the key factors that affect the risks to urban areas include climate change, the densification of assets within cities and the general expansion of urban areas. In this paper, we examine and compare quantitatively the impact of climate change and recent urban development patterns on the exposure of four European cities to pluvial flooding. In particular, we investigate the degree to which pluvial floods of varying severity and in different geographical locations are influenced to the same extent by changes in urban land cover and climate change. We have selected the European cities of Odense, Vienna, Strasbourg and Nice for analyses to represent different climatic conditions, trends in urban development and topographical characteristics. We develop and apply a combined remote-sensing and flood-modelling approach to simulate the extent of pluvial flooding for a range of extreme precipitation events for historical (1984) and present-day (2014) urban land cover and for two climate-change scenarios (i.e. representative concentration pathways, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Changes in urban land cover are estimated using Landsat satellite imagery for the period 1984–2014. We combine the remote-sensing analyses with regionally downscaled estimates of precipitation extremes of current and expected future climate to enable 2-D overland flow simulations and flood-hazard assessments. The individual and combined impacts of urban development and climate change are quantified by examining the variations in flooding between the different simulations along with the corresponding uncertainties. In addition, two different assumptions are examined with regards to the development of the capacity of the urban drainage system in response to urban development and climate change. In the stationary approach, the capacity resembles present-day design, while it is updated in the evolutionary approach to correspond to changes in imperviousness and precipitation intensities due to urban development and climate change respectively. For all four cities, we find an increase in flood exposure corresponding to an observed absolute growth in impervious surfaces of 7–12 % during the past 30 years of urban development. Similarly, we find that climate change increases exposure to pluvial flooding under both the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The relative importance of urban development and climate change on flood exposure varies considerably between the cities. For Odense, the impact of urban development is comparable to that of climate change under an RCP 8.5 scenario (2081–2100), while for Vienna and Strasbourg it is comparable to the impacts of an RCP 4.5 scenario. For Nice, climate change dominates urban development as the primary driver of changes in exposure to flooding. The variation between geographical locations is caused by differences in soil infiltration properties, historical trends in urban development and the projected regional impacts of climate change on extreme precipitation. Developing the capacity of the urban drainage system in relation to urban development is found to be an effective adaptation measure as it fully compensates for the increase in run-off caused by additional sealed surfaces. On the other hand, updating the drainage system according to changes in precipitation intensities caused by climate change only marginally reduces flooding for the most extreme events.