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Cities in Relations advances a novel way of thinking about urban transformation by focusing on transnational relations in the least developed countries. * Examines the last 20 years of urban development in Hanoi, Vietnam, and in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso * Considers the ways in which a city's relationships with other places influences its urban development * Provides fresh ideas for comparative urban studies that move beyond discussions of economic and policy factors * Offers a clear and concise narrative accompanied by more than 45 photos and maps

In this study, total mercury concentrations were determined in sediments and seven different fish species from the Upper Volta Basin area of Yeji in Ghana. Mercury concentrations found ranged from 44.17 to 85.88 ng/g wet weight for Synodontis gambiesis, from 11.25 to 79.73 ng/g wet weight for Synodontis membranaceus, from 13.11 to 38.64 ng/g wet weight for Synodontis ocellifer, from 16.39 to 25.82 ng/g wet weight for Distishodus rotratus, from 40.80 to 90.30 ng/g wet weight for Bagrus docmac, from 10.48 to 61.90 ng/g wet weight for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and from 12.33 to 24.18 ng/g wet weight for Gnathoneus senegalensis. These values are below the 500 ng/g guideline recommended by the WHO/FAO, implying that fish from the Upper Volta Basin area of Yeji are safe for human consumption. Good correlation was observed between mercury concentration and fresh weight (R² = 0.6067) and total length (R² = 0.8754) for Gnathonemus senegalensis. However, poor correlations were observed between mercury concentration and fresh weight and total length for the other six species. Mercury in sediments ranged from 11.87 to 70.25 ng/g dry weights with a mean of 41.60 ng/g dry weight being below the IAEA threshold of 810 ng/g.. These values show that sections of the Upper Volta River remain relatively clean in spite of substantial loadings of mercury into the river's basin from gold mining activities.

The popular memory has kept two things from the relations linking the Catholic Church to the regime of Maurice Yameogo, first president of the Republic of Haute-Volta: a frank collaboration that collapsed in a sudden divorce, just before the fall of the first republic. This article, in listing the different modes of intervention of the catholic actors in the public space, tries to go back over this vision which is at a first look, too simplistic. So, it is advisable to distinguish the official from the unofficial relations, to highlight the different contexts, to analyse the ways of making politics on a \"high\" and on a \"low\" level in the catholic environment and to take into account the diversity in the catholic environment. Because, though the local church proclaims a uniform and an all-embracing image, its members, according to the position they have and according to the different temporalities, intervene in the political field, following variable modalities. Adapted from the source document.

This paper analyses economic implications and the transmission mechanisms of different options for creating and using fiscal space. For creating fiscal space, we consider prioritizing expenditures, raising revenue, and scaled-up aid. Fiscal space is used for increasing health and education spending, infrastructure spending, or both. The analysis takes place within the World Bank's MAMS model, which is a multisectoral real computable general equilibrium model that incorporates the Millennium Development Goals. The model has been calibrated for Burkina Faso, which serves as an illustrative country example. Some of the key results are that absorbing a more educated labor force requires fundamental structural change in the economy; increasing health and education spending can face sizeable capacity constraints; and infrastructure spending has a positive effect on growth as well as education and health outcomes.

L'étude des relations interreligieuses en Haute-Volta (actuel Burkina Faso), territoire multiconfessionnel par excellence, n'évite pas l'analyse des rhétoriques concurrentielles. Employées par les leaders religieux, les discours se cristallisent autour de plusieurs thématiques parmi lesquelles la chronologie confessionnelle, la nationalité des agents prosélytes, les accointances avec les sociétés africaines et le fait colonial. Nous découvrons alors un chœur à trois voix – catholique, musulmane et protestante – qui cherche à se positionner sur l'échelle de la légitimité dans le « partage des âmes ». En dépit de ces rhétoriques concurrentes, un discours du consensus s'impose au sein de la « communauté des croyants ». Celui-ci ne semble pas faire de la différence confessionnelle un facteur de division, mais plutôt l'application d'une idéologie commune.

Recent events in three West African states—Ghana, Liberia, and Upper Volta—raise questions as to whether there has been a change in the nature of military coups and military regimes in Africa. All three regimes started off as \"populist\"; that is, leaders tried to have direct contact with followers, attacked established institutions, and showed impatience with formal legality and established hierarchies. But in Upper Volta and Ghana, the caste nature of the military was itself called into question. This did not happen in Liberia, and the country quickly moved back toward a personalistic, conventional-type military regime. This essay explores the limits of the innovations which have occurred in Ghana and Upper Volta; it also assesses the meanings of these experiments for the possible evolution of African regimes by making comparisons among the three cases, as well as between them and Afro-Marxist regimes.

Focusing on Third World countries, this book examines the undereducation of women, causes of women's undereducation, changes in female education patterns, and the significance of such changes in society and in women's lives. The book consists of four parts, comprising different chapters written by social scientists, researchers, and educators. Part one is concerned with factors that affect women's access to education and their survival rates in school (including ethnicity, social class, sex role division of labor in the family and society, educational policy, and school availability). Part two investigates how far schools encourage girls to succeed in academic life, whether schools prepare girls for society the way they do boys, whether sex differentiation in schooling varies across countries, and how sex differentiation in educational practices shapes schooling outcomes for girls. Parts three and four consider the outcomes of education for women in the labor force and for mothers, and address the questions of whether education enables women to mediate the impact of the family on their economic and social roles, and whether education substantively affects women's family lives. A concluding chapter explores new directions for research on the education of women. A bibliography of materials on women and schooling in the Third World is included. (Author/MJL)