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Dynamics of an urban Chimney Swift roost system during autumn migration/Dinamica de un sistema urbano de dormideros del vencejo Chaetura pelagica durante la migration de otono
Although urbanization can lead to habitat loss and biodiversity decline, it has also helped certain declining species recover by providing resources such as food or shelter. Chimney Swifts (Chaetura pelagica) are migratory aerial insectivores that adapted to use masonry chimneys as nesting and communal roosting sites after European colonization and subsequent widespread forest loss. These structures are now becoming obsolete and are being removed or capped, which again threatens the habitat availability for this declining species. In this study, we describe the autumn roosting dynamics of a system of urban roost sites in Asheville, North Carolina, USA, a fast-growing mid-sized city situated in the central Atlantic migratory flyway. Using historical community science records, we first compiled a list of chimneys within city limits that were known to be used as communal roosting sites during the autumn roosting season. We measured physical and environmental characteristics of these chimneys and related them to current and historical patterns of roost use. We found that a combination of chimney height and limited tree canopy cover within 50 m of the chimney explained much of the variation in maximum roost size. In the autumn of 2020, we surveyed most of these sites, many of them several times throughout the season, to understand site-specific use, timing, and roost size during the migration season. Roost sites were used sequentially rather than concurrently throughout the migration season: some roosts formed and dissipated early in the study period, other roosts did not form until later in the season and were larger than the earlier roosts, and some were occupied continuously until the last swifts departed the study area. Our study shows that (1) post-breeding and migratory swifts may choose communal roost sites based on certain characteristics, and (2) these roost sites may serve different roles for different populations of swifts during the autumn migration season, which has conservation implications for this declining species. Received 3 August 2021. Accepted 26 February 2022.
Journal Article
Correction to: Nonnegligible cascading impacts of global urban expansion on net primary productivity
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae220.].
Journal Article
Urbanization Level in Chinese Counties: Imbalance Pattern and Driving Force
Urbanization level is a key indicator for socioeconomic development and policy making, but the measurement data and methods need to be discussed further due to the limitation of a single index and the availability and accuracy of statistical data. China is urbanizing rapidly, but the urbanization level at the county scale remains a mystery due to its complexity and lack of unified and effective measurement indicators. In this paper, we proposed a new urbanization index to measure the Chinese urbanization level at the county scale by integrating population, land, and economic factors; by fusing remote sensing data and traditional demographic data, we investigated the multi-dimensional unbalanced development patterns and the driving mechanism from 1995 to 2015. Results indicate that: The average comprehensive urbanization level at the Chinese county scale has increased from 31.06% in 1995 to 45.23% in 2015, and the urbanization level in the permanent population may overestimate China’s urbanization process. There were significant but different spatial and temporal dynamic patterns in population, land, and economic levels as well as at a comprehensive urbanization level. The comprehensive urbanization level shows the pattern of being high in the south-east and low in the north-west, divided by “Hu line”. The urbanization of registered populations presents high in the northern border and the eastern coastal areas, which is further strengthened over time. Economic urbanization based on lighting data presents high in the east and low in the west. Land urbanization based on remote sensing data shows high in the south and low in the north. The registered population urbanization level is lower than economic and land urbanization. County urbanization was driven by large population size, reasonable industrial structure, and strong government capacity; 38% and 59% of urbanization levels can be regarded as the key nodes of the urbanization process. When the urbanization rate is lower than 38%, the secondary industry plays a strong role in powering urbanization; when the urbanization rate is higher than 38% but less than 59%, the promotion effect of the tertiary industry is more obvious, and the secondary industry is gradually weakened. When the urbanization rate exceeds 59%, the tertiary industry becomes the major driver.
Journal Article
Study on the Status of Urbanization Development and the Change of Cultivated Land Area in Nanjing
The urbanization rate of Nanjing has increased in the past 55 years. Its development process can be roughly divided into the reverse urbanization phase, the stagnant development phase, the recovery development phase, the steady development phase, and the accelerated development phase. The area of cultivated land has a decreasing trend at each stage. In 1971 and beyond, urbanization development had a significant negative effect on the area of cultivated land, and the coordination between the two was not high and there was a downward trend.
Journal Article
The future of the Middle East
\"The Future of the Middle East first focuses on the way in which land use is considered a critical issue in physical urban development. Population growth and the need to develop urban areas has given rise to concerns regarding the management of natural disasters in urban communities. The authors investigate Iran's agricultural sector, particularly its current condition and trends, in an effort to assess the welfare of the community as well as the environmental quality. Additionally, this compilation aims to determine the main causes of economic development in Yazd City, reviewing the role of merchants in the historical context. The evolution of U.S. policy in Afghanistan is evaluated from the war's initiation in 2001 up to the present. Despite overtures to achieve a cease fire and on again off again talks with the Taliban, President Trump has conceded that the U.S. will remain in Afghanistan until we have either a deal or total victory, neither of which looks realistic at this time. The authors attempt to link the increase in youth population in Afghanistan to rising terrorism, addressing implications on security and policy. Following this, the US-led reconstruction efforts that followed the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq are described. In the penultimate chapter, the structure of law enforcement agencies in Afghanistan and their contribution to the promotion of state authority, security perception and legitimacy is evaluated. In closing, the reconstruction of the magnificent ruins of Palmyra, a World Heritage monument, is assessed\"-- Provided by publisher.
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