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12,589 result(s) for "Uyghur people"
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OĞUZ KAĞAN’IN ADI MESELESİ
Türk destan kahramanı Oğuz Kağan’ın adı ve bu adın etimolojisi meselesi ilim âleminde çok uzun zamandan beri tartışılmış, fakat bugüne kadar üzerinde herkesin ittifak ettiği bir neticeye varılamamıştır. Bu makalemizde Oğuz kavim adının kaynağı üzerinde bugüne kadar ortaya atılmış fikirler hatırlatıldıktan sonra Oğuz Kağan’ın adı üzerindeki görüşler değerlendirilecek ve kendi teklifimiz olan, Oğuz Kağan’ın adının Oğuz kavim adına bağlı olduğu konusunda düşüncelerimiz ve delilleri ortaya konacaktır. Oğuz Kağan destanının Paris nüshasının bulunmasından sonra bu destan ve kahramanı üzerinde pek çok araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu çerçevede, destan kahramanı Oğuz Kağan’ın adı da bugüne kadar üzerinde tartışılan konulardan biri olmuştur. Bu konuda ortaya atılan görüşleri burada ele alarak kendi fikrimizi öne sürmek istiyoruz. Bu görüşlerden birine göre, efsanevî Türk hükümdarının adı olan Oğuz, öküz sözünden gelmektedir. Bizim görüşümüze göre Oğuz Kağan’ın adının “öküz”den gelmesi söz konusu olamaz. Bunun sebeplerini şu şekilde izah etmek mümkündür: a. Öküz adı Türklerde hiçbir zaman erkek adı olarak kullanılmamıştır. Öküz, yazıtlar dönemi ve Eski Uygur Türkçesi metinlerinden beri “iğdiş edilmiş boğa” anlamını taşımaktadır. Öküz iğdiş edilmiş sığır olduğuna göre bu isim küçültücü bir anlam taşır ve isim olarak verilemez. b. Oğuz Kağan destanında sığır cinsinin adı ‘ud’ olarak geçmektedir. Oğuz Kağan, adını bu hayvan cinsinden almış olsaydı adı, destandaki gibi ud kelimesi ile, Ud Kağan olurdu. Oğuz Kağan’ın adı öküz’den gelseydi Öküz Kağan olurdu. Çünkü bu kelime günümüze kadar değişmemiştir. c. Oğuz Kağan’ın boğa ile temsil edilmiş olması mümkün görünmekte ise de adını boğa’dan almış olsaydı adı Dede Korkut hikâyelerindeki Boğaç Han’a benzer şekilde Boğa Kağan olması gerekirdi. Boğa eski Türklerde ve Moğollarda erkek ismi olarak çok yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Dede Korkut hikâyelerinin kahramanlarından biri de Boğaç’tır. Oğuz Kağan’a bir hayvan ismi verilecekse bu pekâlâ boğa olabilirdi. ç. Boğa veya öküz resminin Oğuz Kağan veya babasını temsil ettiği kabul edilse bile destanın müellifi tarafından mı yoksa XIV. veya XV. asırdaki müstensihi tarafından mı çizildiğini bilmiyoruz. Resim ister müellif ister müstensih tarafından çizilerek metne ilave edilmiş olsun, bu bir çeşit halk etimolojisi kabul edilebilir. Oğuz Kağan’ın ismi nereden gelmiştir? Bizim görüşümüze göre, Oğuz Kağan’ın ismi Oğuz kavim adından gelmiştir ve mânâsı Oğuzların hükümdarı demektir. Destan metni bize bunu açık olarak göstermektedir. Destanda Urus Kağan, Saklab Kağan gibi kavim isimleri şahıs ismi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ülke isimleri de aynı şekilde Urum Kağan, Çin Kağan, Maçin Kağan gibi şahıs ismi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Destanı söyleyenin aslında kavim adı olan Oğuz’u Oğuz Kağan adında destan kahramanının adına çevirmiş olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Oğuz Kağan demek Oğuz kavminin veya Uygur harfli metinden anlaşıldığına göre bütün Türklerin kağanı demektir. Oğuzların kağanı unvanının zamanla halk muhayyilesinde bir destan kahramanının ismine dönüştüğü anlaşılmaktadır.
Counterterrorism and Preventive Repression
In 2017–18, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) changed its domestic security strategy in Xinjiang, escalating the use of mass detention, ideological reeducation, and pressure on Uyghur diaspora networks. Commonly proposed explanations for this shift focus on domestic factors: ethnic unrest, minority policy, and regional leadership. The CCP's strategy changes in Xinjiang, however, were also likely catalyzed by changing perceptions of the threat posed by Uyghur contact with transnational Islamic militant groups in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, and a corresponding increase in perceived domestic vulnerability. This threat shifted from theoretical risk to operational reality in 2014–16, and occurred alongside a revised assessment that China's Muslim population was more vulnerable to infiltration by jihadist networks than previously believed. Belief in the need to preventively inoculate an entire population from “infection” by these networks explains the timing of the change in repressive strategy, shift toward collective detention, heavy use of reeducation, and attention paid to the Uyghur diaspora. It therefore helps explain specific aspects of the timing and nature of the CCP's strategy changes in Xinjiang. These findings have implications for the study of the connections between counterterrorism and domestic repression, as well as for authoritarian preventive repression and Chinese security policy at home and abroad.
The relentless rise of China’s medical science
[...]there’s another version of China—a better China that has rapidly modernised its research infrastructure, invested heavily in building research capacity, turbocharged the sophistication of its clinical research enterprise, and embraced international collaboration to propel it to a leadership position in medical research. Let’s take the Balkanised landscape of China’s proliferating hospital sector, for example, with each institution producing its own data, focusing on its own priorities, and competing for recognition and impact. The ensuing “data fragmentation, heterogeneity, and lack of standardisation” become barriers to integration with registries and electronic health records (doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-083354).5 Community based data might be better knitted together but face challenges with length of follow-up and sustainable funding.
Uyghurs: World Medical Association calls on Chinese association to acknowledge abuse
The Chinese Medical Association is under pressure to acknowledge and condemn the human rights abuses against the Uyghur people in China, after campaigning by the BMA. In a resolution adopted at its general assembly in Kigali, Rwanda, on 11 October the World Medical Association asked the Chinese association to acknowledge the concerns set out in a report in 2020 by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and to comply with its 2020 resolution for members to “formally condemn the treatment of the Uyghurs in China’s Xinjiang region.” The WMA said in its resolution preamble, “The People’s Republic of China is continuing its campaign in a manner that is dependent upon continued and extensive medical involvement, engaging in the most egregious violations of human rights, which risk bringing the entire medical profession into disrepute.
Genetic History of Xinjiang’s Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia
The Uyghur people residing in Xinjiang, a territory located in the far west of China and crossed by the Silk Road, are a key ethnic group for understanding the history of human dispersion in Eurasia. Here we assessed the genetic structure and ancestry of 951 Xinjiang’s Uyghurs (XJU) representing 14 geographical subpopulations. We observed a southwest and northeast differentiation within XJU, which was likely shaped jointly by the Tianshan Mountains, which traverses from east to west as a natural barrier, and gene flow from both east and west directions. In XJU, we identified four major ancestral components that were potentially derived from two earlier admixed groups: one from the West, harboring European (25–37%) and South Asian ancestries (12–20%), and the other from the East, with Siberian (15–17%) and East Asian (29–47%) ancestries. By using a newly developed method, MultiWaver, the complex admixture history of XJU was modeled as a two-wave admixture. An ancient wave was dated back to ∼3,750 years ago (ya), which is much earlier than that estimated by previous studies, but fits within the range of dating of mummies that exhibited European features that were discovered in the Tarim basin, which is situated in southern Xinjiang (4,000–2,000 ya); a more recent wave occurred around 750 ya, which is in agreement with the estimate from a recent study using other methods. We unveiled a more complex scenario of ancestral origins and admixture history in XJU than previously reported, which further suggests Bronze Age massive migrations in Eurasia and East-West contacts across the Silk Road.
ETHICAL PROBLEMS CONTINUE TO PLAGUE BIOMETRIC STUDIES OF CHINESE MINORITY GROUPS
Over the past half-decade Moreau, who is a computational geneticist at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, has become deeply concerned about the ethics of studies that report the collection of biometric data from vulnerable or oppressed groups of people2. [...]in 2022, the international advocacy organization Human Rights Watch, among others, had reported that a mass DNA-collection programme of Tibetan populations was under way. (China's government says that its operations in Xinjiang are aimed at quelling terrorist activities.) Moreau contacted the China arm of Human Rights Watch to offer his expertise. When asked about concerns over the use of biometric data in China relating to minority ethnic groups, a Chinese government representative told Nature: \"China is a country governed by law.