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Recht gegen Krieg
Der Internationale Gerichtshof der Vereinten Nationen in Den Haag hat Mitte März 2022 entschieden, dass Russland seinen Krieg gegen die Ukraine einstellen muss. Er folgte den Argumenten der Ukraine, die vorgetragen hatte, dass Russlands Vorwurf eines im Donbass begangenen Völkermords unbegründet und entsprechend die damit begründete Militäroperation völkerrechtswidrig ist. Diese Entscheidung ist völkerrechtlich verbindlich. Über Zwangsmaßnahmen zur Durchsetzung kann allerdings nur der Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen entscheiden, in dem Russland ein Vetorecht hat.
In mid-March 2022, the International Court of Justice ruled that Russia must end its attack on Ukraine. The court followed arguments presented by Ukraine, which stated that Russia’s allegations of genocide in the Donbas were unfounded and, accordingly, the military operation based on those allegations was contrary to international law. This decision is binding under international law. However, only the United Nations Security Council, where Russia has a veto, can decide on coercive measures to enforce the ruling.
Journal Article
Potentiale und Grenzen
Der Internationale Strafgerichtshof (IStGH) in Den Haag verfolgt seit 2002 das Verbrechen der Aggression, Kriegsverbrechen, Völkermord sowie Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit. Die völkerstrafrechtlichen Anforderungen für eine Klassifizierung als Verbrechen der Aggression sind zwar sehr hoch, dürften im Falle von Russlands Angriff auf die Ukraine aber erfüllt sein. Der IStGH kann in diesem Fall seine Gerichtsbarkeit jedoch nur dann ausüben, wenn sich die Tat aus der Angriffshandlung eines Vertragsstaates ergibt. Russland hat jedoch das Statut nicht unterzeichnet. Die übrigen drei völkerrechtlichen Kernverbrechen können hingegen sowohl vor dem IStGH als auch vor deutschen Gerichten angeklagt werden. Die Liste möglicher Kriegsverbrechen und der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit, die Russlands Armee in der Ukraine begangen haben, ist lang. Der Nachweis ist jedoch nicht einfach. Schwierig ist dies im Falle des Völkermords. Hier verlangt die internationale Rechtsprechung grundsätzlich, dass der Täter die physisch-biologische Zerstörung der Gruppe angestrebt hat.
Since 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague has been prosecuting crimes of aggression, war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. The legal requirements to constitute a crime of aggression may be very high under international criminal law, but they are likely to be met in the case of Russia’s attack on Ukraine. However, in this case, the ICC can only exercise its jurisdiction if the act results from the aggressive act of a signatory state. But Russia has not signed the statute. The other three core crimes defined by international law, on the other hand, can be prosecuted before both the ICC and German courts. The list of possible war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by Russia’s army in Ukraine is long. However, proving them is not easy. This is difficult in the case of genocide. Here, international jurisprudence basically requires proof that the perpetrator was striving for the physical, biological destruction of the group.
Journal Article
Humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect : who should intervene?
This book considers who should undertake humanitarian intervention in response to an ongoing or impending humanitarian crisis, such as found in Rwanda in early 1994, Kosovo in 1999, and Darfur more recently. The doctrine of the responsibility to protect asserts that when a state is failing to uphold its citizens' human rights, the international community has a responsibility to protect these citizens, including by undertaking humanitarian intervention. It is unclear, however, which particular agent should be tasked with this responsibility. Should we prefer intervention by the UN, NATO, a regional or subregional organization (such as the African Union), a state, a group of states, or someone else? This book answers this question by, first, determining which qualities of interveners are morally significant and, second, assessing the relative importance of these qualities. For instance, is it important that an intervener have a humanitarian motive? Should an intervener be welcomed by those it is trying to save? How important is it that an intervener will be effective and what does this mean in practice? The book then considers the more empirical question of whether (and to what extent) the current interveners actually possess these qualities, and therefore should intervene. For instance, how effective can we expect UN action to be in the future? Is NATO likely to use humanitarian means? Overall, it develops a particular normative conception of legitimacy for humanitarian intervention. It uses this conception of legitimacy to assess not only current interveners, but also the desirability of potential reforms to the mechanisms and agents of humanitarian intervention.
eBook
The Epochs of International Law
Wilhelm G. Grewe's \"Epochen der Völkerrechtsgeschichte\", published in 1984, is widely regarded as one of the classic twentieth century works of international law. This revised translation by Michael Byers of Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, makes this important book available to non-German readers for the first time. \"The Epocs of International Law\" provides a theoretical overview and detailed analysis of the history of international law from the Middle Ages, to the Age of Discovery and the Thirty Years War, from Napoleon Bonaparte to the Treaty of Versailles, the Cold War and the Age of the Single Superpower, and does so in a way that reflects Grewe's own experience as one of Germany's leading diplomats and professors of international law. A new chapter, written by Wilhelm G. Grewe and Michael Byers, updates the book to October 1998, making the revised translation of interest to German international layers, international relations scholars and historians as well. Wilhelm G. Grewe was one of Germany's leading diplomats, serving as West German ambassador to Washington, Tokyo and NATO, and was a member of the International Court of Arbitration in The Hague. Subsequently professor of International Law at the University of Freiburg, he remains one of Germany's most famous academic lawyers. Wilhelm G. Grewe died in January 2000. Professor Dr. Michael Byers, Duke University, School of Law, Durham, North Carolina, formerly a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, and a visiting Fellow of the Max-Planck-Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg.
eBook
Mit Recht zum Mars
Human activities in outer space have been increasing since the 1950s. Currently, there are several futuristic projects related to human settlements on the Moon or Mars. This analysis focuses on whether current international legal instruments are appropriate to regulate such new challenges, which efforts are needed in a de iure condendo perspective, what role the United Nations will play in such a context.
Journal Article
Der Kampf gegen Desinformation
The United Nations has dealt with the topic of disinformation since its founding. It always recognized the dangers of false and distorted reports and tried to counter them. An early result of its endeavors is the 1952 Convention on the International Right of Correction. Since the advent of the UN human rights system, the UN has consistently advocated against repressive action, calling for the abolition of defamation laws. Since 2020, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Human Rights Council and the Secretariat have all acknowledged the challenge disinformation poses today, rightly emphasizing communication campaigns, the need for media literacy and the role of trust.
Journal Article
Angriff auf das Völkerrecht
The Russian Federation’s war of aggression against Ukraine marks a neuralgic point in the history of the international law against the backdrop of the right to secure peace established by the Charter of the United Nations. Which measures are necessary to preserve the rules-based international legal order in light of this aggression?
Journal Article
The Multilateralization of International Investment Law
Attempts at developing a theory of international investment law are complicated by the fact that this field of international law is based on numerous, largely bilateral treaties and is implemented by arbitral panels established on a case-by-case basis. This suggests a fragmented and chaotic state of the law, with different levels of protection depending on the sources and targets of foreign investment flows. This book, however, forwards the thesis that international investment law develops, despite its bilateral form, into a multilateral system of law that backs up the functioning of a global market economy based on converging principles of investment protection. In discussing the function of most-favored-nation clauses, the possibilities of treaty-shopping and the impact of investor-State arbitration with its intensive reliance on precedent and other genuinely multilateral approaches to treaty interpretation, it offers a conceptual framework for understanding the nature and functioning of international investment law as a genuinely multilateral system.
eBook