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Tests and exams in Singapore schools : what school leaders, teachers and parents need to know
\"Assessment, mainly in the form of tests and examinations, plays a critical role in the schooling of Singaporean students. The results are often used to make irrevocable decisions on the students' future education careers. This book is written with school leaders, teachers, and parents in mind, with the view of helping them to better understand the processes and products of assessment via tests and exams. It is written in simple terms, using minimal technical terms, and introduces school leaders, teachers, and parents to essential concepts and principles of educational measurements which are relevant in the school context in Singapore. While existing books on educational measurement are academically-oriented and meant for formal training courses, this book makes self-study simple by using practical examples couched in layman's language. In addition, this book uses concrete examples and analogies to make the text reader-friendly.\" -- Provided by publisher.
Book
Content Validity of the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS-12) for Total Ankle Replacement
Research Type:
Level 4 – Case series
Introduction/Purpose:
The Forgotten Joint Score (FJS-12) measures hip and knee patients’ ability to forget their replaced joint in everyday life. This study evaluates whether the FJS-12 includes the appropriate items for total ankle replacement (TAR) patients to ensure findings are accurate and meaningful.
Methods:
An internet-based, cross-sectional survey of TAR patients and clinicians with TAR experience examined the relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility of the FJS-12, consistent with COSMIN methodology for content validity. Respondents rated the relevance of FJS-12 items and provided input using open-ended questions on additional necessary content. Cognitive interviews were conducted with 8 patients to evaluate its comprehensibility. Items were considered relevant if ≥70% patients endorsed them. Analysis involved descriptive statistics and content analysis.
Results:
Sixty-one respondents (54 patients, 12 clinicians) participated. The mean age of the patient sample was 65.3 years, 66.7% were male, 61.1% were retired, and average follow-up length was 2.2 years. Of the 12 FJS-12 items, 3 items were endorsed as relevant, 5 fell just below the threshold, and 4 items were endorsed by < 50% patients. Clinicians endorsed 11 items, with 1 endorsed by only 50.0% of clinicians. Clinicians and patients recommended new content, and patients provided insight into poorly performing items.
Conclusion:
The FJS-12 lacks content validity for TAR patients. Some items lack sufficient relevance according to patients, and content is missing to allow comprehensive measurement of TAR patients’ ability to forget their joint replacement in daily life. A new FJS-12 will be developed based on this work and undergo psychometric testing in a TAR population.
Journal Article
The Highly Sensitive Child Scale (12-Item Short Form): Turkish Validity and Reliability Study
Objectives: This study aims to adapt the short form of the 12-item Highly Sensitive Child (HSC) scale into Turkish and examine its factor structure, validity, and reliability in school-age children and adolescents.Materials and Methods: A total of 139 children and adolescents aged 8-18 years were reached. A total of 126 participants completed the HSC scale. In line with the original version, one-factor, three-factor, and bifactor models were tested for the Turkish sample. “Negative emotionality”, “effortful control”, “perceptual sensitivity”, “behavioral inhibition”, “behavioral activation system”, “negative affect”, and “positive affect” scales were used to test validity.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the one-factor structure was incompatible with the data, whereas the bifactor model was rejected. The three-factor model was considered the most compatible with the data. The reliability values of the scale were found to be acceptable, except for the aesthetic sensitivity (AES) subscale. Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.68 for the 5-item “ease of excitation” subscale, 0.43 for the 4-item AES subscale, 0.63 for the 3-item “low sensory threshold” subscale, and 0.64 for the 12-item HSC scale. The correlations of HSC and its subscales with similar temperament traits were in the expected directions pointing to the convergent validity of the scale. A significant percentage of variances in HSC and its subscales were not explained by the similar scales examined, indicating the discriminant validity of the scale.Conclusion: This study found that the Turkish adaptation of the HSC scale was psychometrically adequate.
Journal Article
Interdisciplinary perspectives on international law and international relations : the state of the art
\"This book brings together the most influential contemporary writers in the fields of international law and international relations to take stock of what we know about the making, interpretation and enforcement of international law\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
F23 Validity, reliability, ability to detect change and meaningful within-patient change of the CUHDRS
BackgroundThe composite Unified Huntington’s Disease Ratings Scale (cUHDRS) is a combined score of measures of motor function (TMS), cognition (SDMT and SWR) and overall functional capacity (TFC). The cUHDRS was developed to assess multi-domain clinical progression in Huntington’s disease (HD), and was shown to be a sensitive, reliable, and valid. To support its use in clinical studies, further evidence is required. This includes estimates of clinically meaningful change of the cUHDRS and its individual measures.AimsTo assess the reliability, validity and ability to detect change of the cUHDRS and to estimate minimal clinically meaningful within-patient cUHDRS change.MethodsData from an early manifest HD population (TFC≥5) from two multi-national registries (ENROLL-HD and REGISTRY) were used. Test-retest reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in a subset of patients with no change in Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) score. Convergent validity was assessed by Spearman rank order correlations. Known-groups validity was assessed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) between groups defined by CGI-S. Ability to detect change was assessed by ANCOVA comparing groups based on CGI-S score change. Regression analyses were conducted to estimate meaningful change, using CGI-S and Independence Scale (IS) as anchors.ResultsStrong evidence of test-retest reliability, known-groups validity and ability to detect change was demonstrated. Convergent validity was supported by stronger correlations with measures that are more similar. Meaningful within-patient change was estimated.ConclusionscUHDRS is valid, reliable and able to detect change in patients with early manifest HD. Analyses anchored against CGI-S and IS support that a decline on the cUHDRS is clinically meaningful.AcknowledgementsFunded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche.
Journal Article
Validity of the Anchor in Estimating the Smallest Subjectively Experienced Difference: Presenting an Anchor-Item Before vs After the Outcome Measure
In some fields of research, psychologists are interested in effect sizes that are large enough to make a difference to people’s subjective experience. Recently, an anchor-based method using a global rating of change was proposed as a way to quantify the smallest subjectively experienced difference—the smallest numerical difference in the outcome measure that, on average, corresponds to reported changes in people’s subjective experience. According to the method, the construct of interest is measured on two occasions (Time 1 and Time 2). At Time 2, people also use an anchor-item to report how much they experienced a change in the construct. Participants are then categorized as those who stayed the same, those who changed a lot, and those who changed a little. The average change score for those who changed a little is the estimate of the smallest subjectively experienced difference. In the present study, I examined two aspects of the method’s validity. First, I tested whether presenting the anchor-item before or after the Time 2 outcome measure influences the results. The results suggest that any potential influence of the anchor-position, assuming there is an influence, is likely to be small. Second, I examined the anchor-item’s validity correlations when the delay between Time 1 and 2 is one day to also see if the pattern is similar to past research where the delay was two and five days. The observed pattern of validity correlations was very similar. I note directions for future research.
Journal Article
Legitimacy and legality in international law : an interactional account
\"It has never been more important to understand how international law enables and constrains international politics. By drawing together the legal theory of Lon Fuller and the insights of constructivist international relations scholars, this book articulates a pragmatic view of how international obligation is created and maintained. First, legal norms can only arise in the context of social norms based on shared understandings. Second, internal features of law, or 'criteria of legality', are crucial to law's ability to promote adherence, to inspire 'fidelity'. Third, legal norms are built, maintained or destroyed through a continuing practice of legality. Through case studies of the climate-change regime, the anti-torture norm, and the prohibition on the use of force, it is shown that these three elements produce a distinctive legal legitimacy and a sense of commitment among those to whom law is addressed\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Paternal Functioning Scale Development: Validity and Reliability Study
Objectives:This study goals to develop a measurement tool to evaluate paternal function from a holistic point of view, based on the lack of a scale which includes the evaluation of paternal function in providing boundaries, that is crucial in behavioral problems.Materials and Methods:The data were collected via online forms from 642 fathers (aged 27-55 years) with at least one child (aged 6-14 years). Paternal Function scale, life satisfaction scale, psychological well-being scale and demographic information form was used.Results:To test the reliability and validity of the measurement tool, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the 22 item scale which yielded a four factor structure. Content, construct, and effect validity analysis are made at different scales. To test its reliability, internal consistency, and item analysis, and 27.0% lower-upper group comparisons were made. Then the cut-off scores of each factor were calculated. Sub-factors include four dimensions: Interest; pressure/impulsivity; supportlessness; boundlessness. The validity and reliability levels of the measurement tool were found to be adequate and it was thought to be useful for the field.Conclusion:The scale is an original measurement tool introduced in the field to reveal basic paternal functions. The paternal function which brings limits to the child by including his interest and support is constructive; on the contrary, the paternal function that use disciplinary methods with an intimidating or impulsive approach and unsupportive is not constructive. The short and easy applicability of the scale and its ability to evaluate the father-child relationship in different dimensions will meet an important need in studies on this area.
Journal Article