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"VIOLATIONS"
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Dealing with Distributional Assumptions in Preregistered Research
Virtually any inferential statistical analysis relies on distributional assumptions of some kind. The violation of distributional assumptions can result in consequences ranging from small changes to error rates through to substantially biased estimates and parameters fundamentally losing their intended interpretations. Conventionally, researchers have conducted assumption checks after collecting data, and then changed the primary analysis technique if violations of distributional assumptions are observed. An approach to dealing with distributional assumptions that requires decisions to be made contingent on observed data is problematic, however, in preregisteredresearch, where researchers attempt to specify all important analysis decisions prior to collecting data. Limited methodological advice is currently available regarding how to deal with the prospect of distributional assumption violations in preregistered research. In this article, we examine several strategies that researchers could use in preregistrations to reduce the potential impact of distributional assumption violations. We suggest that pre-emptively selecting analysis methods that are as robust as possible to assumption violations, performing planned robustness analyses, and/or supplementing preregistered confirmatory analyses with exploratory checks of distributional assumptions may all be useful strategies. On the other hand, we suggest that prespecifying “decision trees” for selecting data analysis methods based on the distributional characteristics of the data may not be practical in most situations.
Journal Article
Machine Learning for Predicting Corporate Violations: How Do CEO Characteristics Matter?
Based on upper echelon theory, we employ machine learning to explore how CEO characteristics influence corporate violations using a large-scale dataset of listed firms in China for the period 2010–2020. Comparing ten machine learning methods, we find that eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) outperforms the other models in predicting corporate violations. An interpretable model combining XGBoost and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) indicates that CEO characteristics play a central role in predicting corporate violations. Tenure has the strongest predictive power and is negatively associated with corporate violations, followed by marketing experience, education, duality (i.e., simultaneously holding the position of chairperson), and research and development experience. In contrast, shareholdings, age, and pay are positively related to corporate violations. We also analyze violation severity and violation type, confirming the role of tenure in predicting more severe and intentional violations. Overall, our findings contribute to preventing corporate violations, improving corporate governance, and maintaining order in the financial market.
Journal Article
Differential effects of top-down crossmodal attention on subjective timing of semantic and syntactic violations
Prior knowledge violations about the world’s consistency can distort subjective time perception. Scenes containing contextually irrelevant objects (i.e., semantic violations) are typically underestimated in duration (i.e., perceived shorter), whereas those violating basic spatial norms (i.e., syntactic violations) are often overestimated (i.e., perceived longer) as compared to standard scenes without violations. Previous research has shown that directing attention toward such violations through low-level attentional manipulations can dilate their perceived duration. However, it remains unclear whether top-down attentional manipulations can produce a similar effect, especially given evidence suggesting a reduced influence of top-down attention in the presence of semantic and syntactic violations. Here, we examined the effect of top-down attention via crossmodal stimulation on time estimations of both semantic and syntactic violations. We utilized a temporal oddball paradigm where participants viewed sequences of naturalistic scenes with or without violations (semantic or syntactic). Each sequence included a violation scene (i.e., oddball) paired with white noise (i.e., control) or a sound that matched (i.e., congruent) or mismatched (i.e., incongruent) the target violation to manipulate top-down attention via crossmodal stimulation. Participants judged whether the oddball’s duration was shorter or longer than the no violation scenes. Analyses showed no differences in the perceived duration of syntactic violations scenes across the different types of auditory stimulation, a finding that is attributed to a diminished top-down attentional effect on scenes with syntactic violation given possibly to their higher perceptual load. Semantic violations, however, demonstrated sensitivity to crossmodal influence, where incongruent sound pairings led to interval overestimations as compared to congruent pairings. This suggests that crossmodal conflict enhanced attention toward the violations, leading to longer perceived durations. Our findings highlight the distinct susceptibility of semantic versus syntactic violations to top-down modulation in the temporal domain.
Journal Article
Theoretical aspects of radium-containing molecules amenable to assembly from laser-cooled atoms for new physics searches
We explore the possibilities for a next-generation electron-electric-dipole-moment experiment using ultracold heteronuclear diatomic molecules assembled from a combination of radium and another laser-coolable atom. In particular, we calculate their ground state structure and their sensitivity to parity- and time-reversal ( P , T ) violating physics arising from flavor-diagonal charge-parity ( CP ) violation. Among these species, the largest P , T -violating molecular interaction constants—associated for example with the electron electric dipole moment—are obtained for the combination of radium (Ra) and silver (Ag) atoms. A mechanism for explaining this finding is proposed. We go on to discuss the prospects for an electron EDM search using ultracold, assembled, optically trapped RaAg molecules, and argue that this system is particularly promising for rapid future progress in the search for new sources of CP violation.
Journal Article