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Western Zhou Dynasty (ca. 1046–771 BC) was established soon after conquering the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600–1046 BC) and brought about the earliest enfeoffment system in Chinese history. Yan was one of the vassal states of the same clan as Zhou. According to historical records, the capital of Yan state was located near Yan mountain, which is now known as the Liulihe site in the Fangshan District, Beijing. This study carries out the high-precision dating of two newly discovered Western Zhou Dynasty noble tombs at the Liulihe site. The man in tomb M1902 participated in the groundbreaking ceremony of Yan’s capital according to inscriptions on the bronze vessel found in this tomb. Samples of different materials, especially different parts of human skeletons from the tombs, were selected to form a sample series in chronological order. Wiggle-matching models were established in OxCal program based on the growth and development time of different teeth and bones of human skeletons. More accurate ages were acquired for the death of the individuals. The results indicate that the most probable distribution range of the death date of the individual in M1902 is about 1045–1010 BC. The radiocarbon dates of M1902 give important chronological information about the founding of Yan state, and they are very close to those of the year in which King Wu of Zhou conquered the Shang Dynasty.

«Our approach is to give more to do better. In France, between 2006 and 2015, 125,000 dwellings were demolished and 100,000 rebuilt. The cost of demolition and reconstruction of one dwelling amounted to 165,000 euros. Our alternative approach showed that it is possible to significantly transform a dwelling for the cost of 55,000 euros. Transformation means openness, extension, more space, more light, more freedom of use» (Lacaton, 2020). This article discusses the methodologies developed by  Lacaton & Vassal for social housing in French suburbs and examines their “alternative approach” from a constructional and bioclimatic standpoint. Two emblematic cases are taken as an example: the transformation of the Bois-le-Prêtre in Paris and the renovation of three residential blocks in the Grand Parc of Bordeaux.

Background As for many crops, new high-quality grapevine varieties requiring less pesticide and adapted to climate change are needed. In perennial species, breeding is a long process which can be speeded up by gaining knowledge about quantitative trait loci linked to agronomic traits variation. However, due to the long juvenile period of these species, establishing numerous highly recombinant populations for high resolution mapping is both costly and time-consuming. Genome wide association studies in germplasm panels is an alternative method of choice, since it allows identifying the main quantitative trait loci with high resolution by exploiting past recombination events between cultivars. Such studies require adequate panel design to represent most of the available genetic and phenotypic diversity. Assessing linkage disequilibrium extent and panel power is also needed to determine the marker density required for association studies. Results Starting from the largest grapevine collection worldwide maintained in Vassal (France), we designed a diversity panel of 279 cultivars with limited relatedness, reflecting the low structuration in three genetic pools resulting from different uses (table vs wine) and geographical origin (East vs West), and including the major founders of modern cultivars. With 20 simple sequence repeat markers and five quantitative traits, we showed that our panel adequately captured most of the genetic and phenotypic diversity existing within the entire Vassal collection. To assess linkage disequilibrium extent and panel power, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms: 372 over four genomic regions and 129 distributed over the whole genome. Linkage disequilibrium, measured by correlation corrected for kinship, reached 0.2 for a physical distance between 9 and 458 Kb depending on genetic pool and genomic region, with varying size of linkage disequilibrium blocks. This panel achieved reasonable power to detect associations between traits with high broad-sense heritability (> 0.7) and causal loci with intermediate allelic frequency and strong effect (explaining > 10 % of total variance). Conclusions Our association panel constitutes a new, highly valuable resource for genetic association studies in grapevine, and deserves dissemination to diverse field and greenhouse trials to gain more insight into the genetic control of many agronomic traits and their interaction with the environment.

El artículo confronta dos textos –La vida de los edificios de Rafael Moneo y La libertad estructural, condición del milagro de Anne Lacaton y Jean-Philippe Vassal– para proponer una reflexión acerca de las condiciones contemporáneas que permiten que la arquitectura cambie. El texto de Moneo sugiere la identificación de unos rasgos formales esenciales y la autonomía del proyecto de arquitectura una vez construido, como origen y garantía de un certero cambio futuro. El cambio es parte de un destino ya escrito y no tanto un proceso. En el de los franceses son la estructura portante y el concepto de superposición, los que devienen en una arquitectura capaz de asumir el cambio como el episodio de un destino abierto. Si el primero apela a valores esenciales atemporales, los segundos identifican la temporalidad como permanente estado de la arquitectura y de nuestra cotidianeidad. El artículo discute estas dos maneras de abordar el cambio como condición inevitable de la arquitectura, no niega su validez y explica su trasfondo con el apoyo de algún otro texto.

This research investigated the impact of feudalism on the church in medieval Europe, using a qualitative approach and content analysis method. The main goal was to determine how the interconnection of feudal systems impacted the role and operations of the church. The study revealed that, while the church provided significant benefits to medieval society, including social cohesion, education, and welfare, it also experienced substantial secularization. This shift was driven by its engagement in feudal practices and the resultant distorted doctrines. The church’s involvement in the feudal system led to its integration into the socio-political hierarchy, where it held considerable power and land. However, this secular involvement compromised its spiritual authority and mission. This study underscored the dual role of the church as both a spiritual guide and a feudal institution, highlighting the complexities of its influence in medieval Europe.

While doing fieldwork in the modernizing Javanese city of Solo during the late 1980s, Suzanne Brenner came upon a neighborhood that seemed like a museum of a bygone era: Laweyan, a once-thriving production center of batik textiles, had embraced modernity under Dutch colonial rule, only to fend off the modernizing forces of the Indonesian state during the late twentieth century. Focusing on this community, Brenner examines what she calls the making of the \"unmodern.\" She portrays a merchant enclave clinging to its distinctive forms of social life and highlights the unique power of women in the marketplace and the home--two domains closely linked to each other through local economies of production and exchange. Against the social, political, and economic developments of late-colonial and postcolonial Java, Brenner describes how an innovative, commercially successful lifestyle became an anachronism in Indonesian society, thereby challenging the idea that tradition invariably gives way to modernity in an evolutionary progression. Brenner's analysis centers on the importance of gender to processes of social transformation. In Laweyan, the base of economic and social power has shifted from families, in which women were the main producers of wealth and cultural value, to the Indonesian state, which has worked to reorient families toward national political agendas. How such attempts affect women's lives and the meaning of the family itself are key considerations as Brenner questions long-held assumptions about the division between \"domestic\" and \"public\" spheres in modern society.

En un momento en el que la complejidad del mundo contemporáneo plantea nuevos retos en el ámbito de la vivienda, el trabajo de Anne Lacaton y Jean-Philippe Vassal es una referencia obligada. Sus proyectos, orientados a intervenir en edificios de vivienda colec­tiva, han sido ampliamente estudiados desde consideraciones arquitectónicas, constructivas y climáticas. Esta contribución pretende analizar la metodología de trabajo de estos arquitectos franceses y su repercusión, más allá del ámbito arquitectónico, desde una perspectiva urbana más amplia y compleja. ¿En qué medida estas intervenciones sobre edificaciones aisladas tienen implicaciones a otras escalas, como la de los espacios abiertos de los conjuntos de vivienda? ¿Podrían estas estrategias generar un método de trabajo con impacto en los procesos de transformación, regeneración y dinamización de los espacios intermedios de estos conjuntos? ¿Sería posible pensar que son extrapolables a otros contextos urbanos y climáticos? Este artículo explora en qué medida las estrategias proyectuales desarrolladas por Lacaton y Vassal sobre la propia edificación (superposición, materialidad, y eventualidad), inciden o pueden incidir en la transformación del espacio urbano y tantea la posibilidad de trasladarlas a otros contextos urbanos socioculturales y climáticos. En concreto, a partir del caso de estudio del conjunto de Saint-Nazaire, uno de sus proyectos con más implicaciones en los espacios abiertos, se propone una traslación exploratoria a un caso español, el poblado dirigido de Caño Roto.

In the 14th century BC the Hittites became the supreme political and military power in the Near East. How did they achieve their supremacy? How successful were they in maintaining it? What brought about their collapse and disappearance? This comprehensive history of the Hittite kingdom, featuring numerous translations from the original texts, seeks to answer these questions. The revised edition contains a substantial amount of new material, taking account of important recent. advances in Hittite scholarship. - ;In the 14th century BC the Hittites became the supreme political and military power in the Near East. How did they achieve their supremacy? How successful were they in maintaining it? What brought about their collapse and disappearance? This comprehensive history of the Hittite kingdom seeks to answer these questions. It takes account of important recent advances in Hittite scholarship, including some major archaeological discoveries made in the last few years. It also features. numerous translations from the original texts, so that on many issues the ancient Hittites are given the opportunity to speak to the modern reader for themselves. The revised edition contains a substantial amount of new material, as well as numerous other revisions to the first edition. - ;...the standard treatment in English of the history of the Hittites...clear enough to be read with interest and profit by anyone interested in Ancient History but also written with the care and respect for varying opinions that any specialist might demand...I would urge all to read it...as a fine example of work from a specialist who can write in a clear and interesting way. - Noel Weeks Ancient History: Resources for Teachers;substantial and compehensive ... This is a serious work of scholarship and fundamental to study of the Hittites; its updating can only be welcomed. - Christopher Burnand and Katherine Clarke, Greece and Rome;the standard comprehensive description of Hittite political history in English...provides a well-informed and very balanced picture of current research...highly readable - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Volume 70/1;...an indispensable handbook for Hittite history...this reviewer heartily recommends the revised edition of the Kingdom of the Hittites. By incorporating and discussing a vast corpus of new material, Bryce has provided the field with a useful and up-to-date tool, while the book has lost none of its original quality and it still reads like a captivating novel. - Bibliotheca Orientalis.