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"Vehicles Models."
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Brick cars and trucks : clever and creative ideas to make from classic LEGO
\"Offers 40 original, ingenious, and unique buildable projects to make from LEGO pieces... Anyone with a drawer full of LEGO bricks will be able to build and customize amazing vehicles, including a Ford Model T, SUVs, monster trucks, fire engines, and more. Based on the brick selection found in some of LEGO's Classic series, each project is a great way to test out unusual building techniques or to mix up pieces from existing kits that have already been broken up. Free your inner architect with these fun projects that really get your creative juices flowing. You can follow the instructions to the letter or go off in your own direction�it's your choice! Many of the designs in these books use fewer than 100 bricks, so you don't need a lot of bricks to get started. Discover loads of fun projects showcasing advanced techniques that are perfect for every LEGO enthusiast. showcasing advanced techniques for every LEGO enthusiast.\"--Publisher's website.
Book
Strategies for the Modelisation of Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption: A Review
The continuous technical improvements involving electric motors, battery packs, and general powertrain equipment make it strictly necessary to predict or evaluate the energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) with reasonable accuracy. The significant improvements in computing power in the last decades have allowed the implementation of various simulation scenarios and the development of strategies for vehicle modelling, thus estimating energy consumption with higher accuracy. This paper gives a general overview of the strategies adopted to model EVs for evaluating or predicting energy consumption. The need to develop such solutions is due to the basis of each analysis, as well as the type of results that must be produced and delivered. This last point strongly influences the whole set-up process of the analysis, from the available and collected dataset to the choice of the algorithm itself.
Journal Article
Build your own land vehicles
\"Solar-powered vehicles, gravity-driven cars, and spring-loaded three-wheelers will get kids on the path to learning. Makerspace-friendly projects with step-by-step illustrations guide them through hands-on science and engineering applications\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Modular Approach for Odometry Localization Method for Vehicles with Increased Maneuverability
Localization and navigation not only serve to provide positioning and route guidance information for users, but also are important inputs for vehicle control. This paper investigates the possibility of using odometry to estimate the position and orientation of a vehicle with a wheel individual steering system in omnidirectional parking maneuvers. Vehicle models and sensors have been identified for this application. Several odometry versions are designed using a modular approach, which was developed in this paper to help users to design state estimators. Different odometry versions have been implemented and validated both in the simulation environment and in real driving tests. The evaluated results show that the versions using more models and using state variables in models provide both more accurate and more robust estimation.
Journal Article
Brick by brick space : 20+ LEGO brick projects that are out of this world
Provides readers with step-by-step instructions for building more than 20 projects, including rockets, satellites, and probes.
Book
A New Vehicle-Specific Power Model for the Estimation of Hybrid Vehicle Emissions
Hybrid electric vehicles are certainly one of the key solutions for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions, especially in terms of special vehicles and with the use of CO2-neutral fuels. Determining the energy management strategy and finding the optimal solution with regard to the aforementioned goals remains one of the main challenges in the design of HEVs. This paper presents a new vehicle modeling method, with an emphasis on HEVs, which is based on the frequency analysis of emissions and consumption according to the current specific traction power of the vehicle. An evaluation of the newly introduced model in the RDE, NEDC and WLTP cycle was performed, and the results were compared with the standard verified vehicle model that was created in AVL’s CruiseM R2021.2 software package. Positive traction energies have positive deviations of between 0.35% and 2.85%. The largest deviation in CO2 emissions was recorded for the HEV model in the RDE cycle and in the non-hybrid model in the WLTP cycle and were 3.79% and 4.4%, respectively. All other combinations of cycle and vehicles had deviations of up to about 1%. As expected, the largest relative deviations were recorded for NOx emissions and ranged from 0.13% to 9.62% for HEVs in the WLTP cycle.
Journal Article
The Role of Powertrain Electrification in Achieving Deep Decarbonization in Road Freight Transport
Decarbonizing road freight transport is difficult due to its reliance on fossil fuel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The role of powertrain electrification in achieving deep decarbonization in road freight transport was studied using a vehicle stock turnover model, focusing on Japan. Twelve vehicle types were considered; combining four powertrains, ICEV, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV); and three vehicle size classes, normal, compact and mini-sized vehicles. A scenario-based approach was used; considering a Base scenario, and three alternative scenarios targeting powertrain electrification. Between 2012 and 2050, tank to wheel CO2 emissions decrease 42.8% in the Base scenario, due to the reduction of vehicle stock, the improvement of vehicle fuel consumption and the adoption of HEVs. Diffusion of FCEVs in normal vehicles and BEVs in compact and mini-sized vehicles achieves the largest tank to wheel CO2 emissions reductions, up to 44.6% compared with the 2050 baseline value. The net cash flow is positive over the whole time horizon, peaking at 6.7 billion USD/year in 2049 and reaching 6.6 billion USD/year by 2050. Powertrain electrification is not enough to achieve any of the CO2 emissions reduction targets in road freight transport.
Journal Article
The LEGO power functions idea book. Volume 2, Cars and contraptions
\"...showcases small projects to build with LEGO Technic gears, motors, gadgets, and other moving elements. You'll find hundreds of clever, buildable mechanisms, each one demonstrating a key building technique or mechanical principle. You'll learn to build four-wheel drive cars, adorable walking 'bots, steerable tanks, robotic inchworms, and cars that can follow the edge of a table! Each model includes a list of required parts and colorful photographs that guide you through the build without the need for step-by-step instructions. As you build, you'll explore the principles of gear systems, power translation, differentials, suspensions, and more.\"--Amazon.com.
Book
A Versatile Model for Estimating the Fuel Consumption of a Wide Range of Transport Modes
The importance of a flexible and comprehensive vehicle fuel consumption model cannot be understated for understanding the implications of the modal changes currently occurring in the transportation sector. In this study, a model is developed to determine the tank-to-wheel energy demand for passenger and freight transportation within Germany for different modes of transport. These modes include light-duty vehicles (LDVs), heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), airplanes, trains, ships, and unmanned aviation. The model further estimates future development through 2050. Utilizing standard driving cycles, backward-looking longitudinal vehicle models are employed to determine the energy demand for all on-road vehicle modes. For non-road vehicle modes, energy demand from the literature is drawn upon to develop the model. It is found that various vehicle parameters exert different effects on vehicle energy demand, depending on the driving scenario. Public transportation offers the most energy-efficient means of travel in the forms of battery electric buses (33.9 MJ/100 pkm), battery electric coaches (21.3 MJ/100 pkm), fuel cell electric coaches (32.9 MJ/100 pkm), trams (43.3 MJ/100 pkm), and long-distance electric trains (31.8 MJ/100 pkm). International shipping (9.9 MJ/100 tkm) is the most energy-efficient means of freight transport. The electrification of drivetrains and the implementation of regenerative braking show large potential for fuel consumption reduction, especially in urban areas. Occupancy and loading rates for vehicles play a critical role in determining the energy demand per passenger-kilometer for passenger modes, and tonne-kilometer for freight modes.
Journal Article