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Deadly mine : Libby, Montana
\"[This book] traces the tragic story of a small mining town that eventually became poisoned by a deadly mineral called asbestos. Photos of actual events, maps, and fact boxes [complement] the text\"--Amazon.com.
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Modified Vermiculite Supported Ru Nanoparticles as a Robust Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to gamma-Valerolactone
Organic-pillared vermiculite was applied as the support to fabricate Ru catalyst via adsorption-precipitation method. The catalytic performances of the catalyst were investigated for the selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) or methyl levulinate (ML) to [gamma]-valerolactone (GVL). The 100% selectivity of GVL and 100% conversion of LA were obtained at 403 K, 4.0 MPa using water as solvent. Moreover, a good recyclability was observed even after 14 reaction cycles as a slight conversion decrease of the LA and no change of the selectivity of GVL. The Characterization of the fresh catalysts and reused catalysts were performed using various techniques including XRD, FT-IR, N.sub.2 adsorption-desorption, XPS and TEM. The catalytic tests and characterization data confirmed that the sample of Ru/Modified-Vermiculite can be taken as a robust and effective catalyst for the conversion of the LA to GVL.
Journal Article
Correction: Chen et al. Effects of In Situ Porous Carbon Modification on Thermal Energy Storage of Paraffin/Expanded Vermiculite Form-Stable Composite Phase Change Materials. Materials 2025, 18, 870
In the original publication [...]
Journal Article
Hierarchical Layered Porous SiO.sub.2 Supported Bimetallic NiM/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2
In this study, the two-dimensional layered porous silica material (EXVTM-SiO.sub.2) was designed and prepared by \"expansion-acidification\" modified vermiculite. Herein, NiM/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 (M = Co, Cu, Fe) bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method. Three kinds of bimetallic catalysts were used in methane reforming. The catalysts were characterized by techniques such as XRF, ICP, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, XPS, H.sub.2-TPR and TG. It was found that NiCu/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 catalyst had high catalytic activity and stability, and the conversion of CO.sub.2 was up to 92%, which realized the efficient catalytic conversion of CO.sub.2. On the one hand, the reason can be attributed to the fact that the active metal in the NiCu/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 catalyst has a smaller particle diameter (10.6 nm) and a relatively high metal dispersibility. On the other hand, the Ni-Cu alloy has a significant effect on the adsorption and activation of CO.sub.2 at high temperature.
Journal Article
Hierarchical Layered Porous SiO.sub.2 Supported Bimetallic NiM/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 Catalysts Derived from Vermiculite for CO.sub.2 Reforming of Methane
In this study, the two-dimensional layered porous silica material (EXVTM-SiO.sub.2) was designed and prepared by \"expansion-acidification\" modified vermiculite. Herein, NiM/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 (M = Co, Cu, Fe) bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method. Three kinds of bimetallic catalysts were used in methane reforming. The catalysts were characterized by techniques such as XRF, ICP, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, XPS, H.sub.2-TPR and TG. It was found that NiCu/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 catalyst had high catalytic activity and stability, and the conversion of CO.sub.2 was up to 92%, which realized the efficient catalytic conversion of CO.sub.2. On the one hand, the reason can be attributed to the fact that the active metal in the NiCu/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 catalyst has a smaller particle diameter (10.6 nm) and a relatively high metal dispersibility. On the other hand, the Ni-Cu alloy has a significant effect on the adsorption and activation of CO.sub.2 at high temperature. Graphic NiM/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 (M = Co, Cu, Fe) bimetallic catalysts was obtained by the incipient wetness impregnation method. Due to the synergistic effect between Ni and Cu, NiCu/EXVTM-SiO.sub.2 catalyst shows good performance in catalytic methane reforming.
Journal Article
Characterizing the source of potentially asbestos-bearing commercial vermiculite insulation using in situ IR spectroscopy
Commercially produced vermiculite insulation from Libby, Montana, contains trace levels of asbestiform amphibole, which is known to cause asbestos-related diseases. When vermiculite insulation is found in a building, evaluation for its potential asbestos content traditionally involves collecting a sample from an attic or wall and submitting it for time-consuming analyses at an off-site laboratory. The goal of this study was to determine if in situ near-infrared reflectance measurements could be used to reliably identify the source of vermiculite ore and therefore its potential to contain asbestos. Spectra of 52 expanded ore samples, including attic insulation, commercial packing materials, and horticultural products from Libby, Montana; Louisa, Virginia; Enoree, South Carolina; Palabora, South Africa; and Jiangsu, China, were measured with a portable spectrometer. The mine sources for these vermiculite ores were identified based on collection location, when known, and on differences in elemental composition as measured by electron probe microanalysis. Reflectance spectra of the insulation samples show vibrational overtone and combination absorptions that vary in wavelength position and relative intensity depending on elemental composition and proportions of their constituent micas (i.e., vermiculite ore usually consists of a mixture of hydrobiotite and vermiculite mineral flakes). Band depth ratios of the 1.38/2.32, 1.40/1.42, and 2.24/2.38 µm absorptions allow determination of a vermiculite insulation's source and detection of its potential to contain amphibole, talc, and/or serpentine impurities. Spectroscopy cannot distinguish asbestiform vs. non-asbestiform amphiboles. However, if the spectrally determined mica composition and mineralogy of an insulation sample is consistent with ore from Libby, then it is likely that some portion of the sodic-calcic amphibole it contains is asbestiform, given that all of the nearly two dozen Libby vermiculite insulation samples examined with scanning electron microscopy in this study contain amphiboles. One sample of expanded vermiculite ore from multiple sources was recognized as a limitation of the spectral method, therefore an additional test (i.e., 2.24 µm absorption position vs. 2.24/2.38 µm band depth ratio) was incorporated into the spectral method to eliminate misclassification caused by such mixtures. With portable field spectrometers, the methodology developed can be used to determine vermiculite insulation's source and estimate its potential amphibole content, thereby providing low-cost analysis with onsite reporting to property owners.
Journal Article
Biological Exploration and Physicochemical Characteristics of ITomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus/I in Several Host Crops
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is considered an emerging disease and a viral pandemic for tomato consumers. The objectives of this research were to analyze the biological and physicochemical characteristics of ToBRFV in tomato and tobacco plants, as well as to evaluate its natural host range. Inoculant seeds were recovered from ToBRFV-infected tomato samples in Coahuila, Mexico, and confirmed by RT-PCR. In the first greenhouse experiment, tomato plants of the F1 hybrid variety 172–300 (Yüksel), infected with ToBRFV, were used to evaluate viral inclusions (VI), dilution endpoint (DEP), the incubation period (IP), and latency period (LP). In a greenhouse experiment, Nicotiana longiflora plants were inoculated with ToBRFV to determine the in vitro longevity (IVL) and thermal inactivation (TI) of the virus in sap. Finally, the inoculation of tomato plants grown in open fields was carried out to evaluate transmission to natural hosts. The plants tested for possible ToBRFV reservoirs near the inoculum source were inspected and confirmed by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). The results indicate that the VIs on tomato leaves manifested as X-bodies and rounded, stacked plaques within epidermal cells. The DEP required to induce the infection in plants was from a ToBRFV concentration of 1 × 10[sup.−5.5], the IP of ToBRFV occurred 9 to 12 days post-inoculation, and LP could be detected one day after inoculation. The TI of ToBRFV in N. longiflora plants occurred at 85 °C for 30 min. Ipomoea purpurea, Mirabilis jalapa, Clematis drummondii, and Solanum tuberosum were newly identified hosts of ToBRFV. The results found contribute to a better understanding of the impact of ToBRFV, managing and preventing the spread of ToBRFV in diverse environments.
Journal Article
Clay mineral adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewater: a review
Heavy metal pollution such as water contamination by Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd and Cr ions is induced by rapid urbanization and industrialization and is a major threat to human health. One of the most efficient processes to clean contaminated water is adsorption. Adsorbents such as clay minerals and modified clays are efficient for the removal of metal ions from wastewater. This manuscript reviews current research in heavy metal adsorption by clay minerals such as halloysite, bentonite, montmorillonite, vermiculite and attapulgite, from 2013 to 2017, and highlights the main adsorption mechanisms. The structure, composition and synthesis of various clay minerals and modified clays are presented.
Journal Article
Nutrition-enriched nanobubble oxygen and red-blue light spectrum enhanced plantlet growth and in vitro Dendrobium development/O oxigênio nanobolha enriquecido com nutrição e o espectro de luz vermelho-azul melhorou o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas de Dendrobium in vitro
An effective micropropagation system for Dendrobium is required to support seedling production. The effects of light quality with nutrition-enriched nanobubble (NB) and oxygen on Dendrobium plantlet growth and development were evaluated. Plantlets were placed on a growth medium (enriched or without NB oxygen) with vermiculite-perlite (1:1) and irradiated by fluorescent, red-blue spectrum ratio of (3:1, 1:1, 1:3), and red. The NB and dissolved oxygen in liquid nutrition and red-blue spectrum enhanced Dendrobium's morphological and physiological characteristics in vitro sugar-free. The TF-NB-1R1B increased fresh weight and plantlet growth rate, but TF-NB-1R3B increased pigments. The shift from heterotrophic to autotrophic micropropagation is indicated by stomatal closer and upregulated CAT, PEPCK, and RBC genes. Key words: Dendrobium, LED lighting, micropropagation, nanobubble oxygenation, photomorphogenesis. Um sistema de micropropagação eficaz para o Dendrobium é necessário para suportar a produção de plântulas. Foram avaliados os efeitos da qualidade da luz com nanobolhas (NB) enriquecidas com nutrientes e oxigênio no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas de Dendrobium. As plântulas foram colocadas em meio de crescimento (enriquecido ou sem oxigênio NB) com vermiculite-perlite (1:1) e irradiadas por fluorescência, rácio do espectro vermelho-azul de (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) e vermelho. O NB e o oxigênio dissolvido em nutrição lÃquida e espectro vermelho-azul melhoraram as caracterÃsticas morfológicas e fisiológicas do Dendrobium in vitro sem açúcar. O TF-NB-1R1B aumentou o peso fresco e a taxa de crescimento das plântulas, mas o TF-NB-1R3B aumentou os pigmentos. A mudança da micropropagação heterotrófica para a autotrófica é indicada pelo fecho estomático e pelos genes CAT, PEPCK e RBC regulados positivamente. Palavras-chave: Dendrobium, iluminação LED, micropropagação, oxigenação por nanobolhas, fotomorfogênese.
Journal Article
Effects of Inoculating the Diazotrophic Endophyte IBradyrhizobium/I sp. AT1 on Different Cultivars of Sweet Potato
Owing to the worldwide shortage of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, diazotrophic endophytes have received increasing attention as biofertilizers. In this study, we investigated the inoculation effects of a diazotrophic endophyte (Bradyrhizobium sp. AT1) on three different cultivars of sweet potato (cvs. Beniazuma, Ayamurasaki, and Kokei No. 14) under pot, container, and different field conditions. Following inoculation, the root length was increased in cvs. Beniazuma and Ayamurasaki but suppressed in cv. Kokei No. 14 in pots, filled with a mixture of vermiculite, potting soil, and pearlite. AT1 inoculation also increased shoot growth in cv. Beniazuma and tuber formation in cv. Ayamurasaki in containers filled with vermiculite, potting soil, and light-colored Andosol. In field experiments, carried out at two field sites with the three cultivars, AT1 inoculation increased the growth of cvs. Beniazuma and Ayamurasaki, but it had almost no effect on cv. Kokei No. 14. In addition to growth promotion, inoculation of micropropagated sweet potato cv. Beniazuma with AT1 led to N derived from air (Ndfa) and acetylene reduction activity (ARA) five months after inoculation. Our studies indicate that AT1 inoculation can enhance the growth of sweet potato and promote N[sub.2] fixation.
Journal Article