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Der Beitrag untersucht, wie sich das Verständnis von Rasse und Rassismus in der deutschsprachigen Politikwissenschaft über die Jahrzehnte hinweg entwickelt hat. Dafür unterzieht er die entsprechenden Einträge in politikwissenschaftlichen Fachwörterbüchern einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass sich das Begriffsverständnis im Laufe der Jahrzehnte verändert hat. In der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts finden sich offen rassistische Konzeptionen. Diese werden nach dem Ende des Nationalsozialismus zuerst durch Konzeptionen ersetzt, die von der Existenz distinkter Menschenrassen ausgehen und Rassismus als Abwertung oder Benachteiligung einiger Menschenrassen verstehen. Seit den 1970ern treten Konzeptionen hinzu, die die Idee von Menschenrassen zurückweisen und Rassismus als eine biologistische Ideologie verstehen, die Menschenrassen erfindet. Im 21. Jahrhundert schließlich kommen auch Konzeptionen auf, die, soziologisch und insbesondere poststrukturalistisch informiert, Rassismus als eine biologistische oder kulturalistische Differenzkonstruktion erfassen. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass der Mainstream des Faches die in den Nachbardisziplinen geführte rassismuskritische Debatte nur zögerlich aufnimmt und auch Konzeptionen wirksam bleiben, die in der Rassismusdebatte gemeinhin als unhaltbar oder überholt betrachtet werden.

Thematic analysis is a widely cited method for analyzing qualitative data. As a team of graduate students, we sought to explore methods of data analysis that were grounded in qualitative philosophies and aligned with our orientation as applied health researchers. We identified reflexive thematic analysis, developed by Braun and Clarke, as an interpretive method firmly situated within a qualitative paradigm that would also have broad applicability within a range of qualitative health research designs. In this approach to analysis, the subjectivity of the researcher is recognized and viewed not as problematic but instead valued as integral to the analysis process. We therefore elected to explore reflexive thematic analysis, advance and apply our analytic skills in applied qualitative health research, and provide direction and technique for researchers interested in this method of analysis. In this paper, we describe how a multidisciplinary graduate student group of applied health researchers utilized Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Specifically, we explore and describe our team’s process of data analysis used to analyze focus group data from a study exploring postnatal care referral behavior by traditional birth attendants in Nigeria. This paper illustrates our experience in applying the six phases of reflexive thematic analysis as described by Braun and Clarke: (1) familiarizing oneself with the data, (2) generating codes, (3) constructing themes, (4) reviewing potential themes, (5) defining and naming themes, and (6) producing the report. We highlight our experiences through each phase, outline strategies to support analytic quality, and share practical activities to guide the use of reflexive thematic analysis within an applied health research context and when working within research teams.

Seeking to understand how Mosaic Law became a barrier for Christian homosexuals, we completed a quantitative integrative review of N=110 scholastic sources; the results show that the barrier likely arose because 97.3 percent of homonegative exegesis is silent regarding Moses' and NT personal jurisdiction (PJ) statements; that silence results in an overinclusive argument that likely incorrectly implicates Gentile Christian homosexuality. More specifically, homonegative exegesis does four things: (1) 97 percent of exegetes omit citations and discussion of Moses' PJ that limit Moses' Gentile reach to \"resident aliens\" within Israel (e.g., Leviticus 18:2, 26, 20:2), (2) 92 percent of exegetes do not discuss Acts 10; 15:5-29, and 21:25, which reiterate Moses' PJ that exclude Gentiles from homosexual proscriptions, (3), 88.18 percent of scholars employ a different interpretive method to determine whom Romans 1 addresses than employed for the remainder of their analysis, and (4) 88.7 percent of exegetes engage ipse dixit when stating that the Romans 1 audience is Gentile when structural analysis and contextual evidence reflects that Paul addressed a Jewish audience concerning Jewish beliefs. Consequently, this research expatiates relevant PJ from Moses, NT, Didascalia, Halakha, Roman Law, and reflections of American Law, and adds the same to Romans 1 exegesis. The results—though unexpected—support the thesis that when added, Romans 1 forms no scriptural basis for Gentile Christian homonegative doctrine. We discuss the significance of the results.

The practice of formulation has been both championed and severely criticised within clinical psychiatry and interest in formulation within the teaching of clinical psychiatry is at a low ebb. This article traces the history of the biopsychosocial model, the concept of diagnostic hierarchy and the role of ‘verstehen’ (or intersubjective meaning grasping) in the clinical assessment. All three of these concepts are considered relevant to the practice of formulation. Responding to challenges aimed at these concepts, it argues that formulation in psychiatry needs resuscitating and rethinking and provides some recommendations for a practice of formulation fit for the 21st century.

A critical commentary on the article “The Epistemic Harms of Empathy in Phenomenological Psychopathology” by Lucienne Spencer and Matthew Broome (2023) is presented. The authors committed the “fallacy of ambiguous or vague definition” by incorrectly interpreting Karl Jaspers’ conceptualizations, resulting in difficulties following logical arguments and arriving at reasonable conclusions. To overcome this fallacy, the commentary provides conceptual clarifications regarding Jaspers’ empathic understanding (einfühlendes Verstehen), conceived as the foundational concept of his project to develop a phenomenologically oriented psychopathology. Jaspers initially introduced this concept in the article “Die phänomenologische Forschungsrichtung in der Psychopathologie” [The Phenomenological Research Direction in Psychopathology], published in 1912, and extended in his magnum opus “Allgemeine Psychopathologie” [General Psychopathology], published in 1913.

Uniqueness implies singularity, incomparability. Nonetheless, as applied to everything within the human lifeworld, including ourselves, uniqueness is relativized. This becomes clear in the tension between “commonsensical” and “scientific” perspectives on the human. Our commonsense approach posits that human beings are unique among animals—unique because of our properties, most especially our consciousness, as well as because of our significance and value. From a scientific perspective, however, the uniqueness of the human—if it can be affirmed at all—is possibly a matter of degree, not kind. Additionally, the scientific perspective prescinds from judgments of the value of the human. To join these perspectives, without giving up on the importance of either one, is a philosophical and theological challenge. A Jewish approach to the challenge is offered here.

iIn our everyday social interactions, we try to make sense of what people are thinking, why they act as they do, and what they are likely to do next. This process is called mindreading. Mindreading, Shannon Spaulding argues in this book, is central to our ability to understand and interact with others. Philosophers and cognitive scientists have converged on the idea that mindreading involves theorizing about and simulating others’ mental states. She argues that this view of mindreading is limiting and outdated. Most contemporary views of mindreading vastly underrepresent the diversity and complexity of mindreading. She articulates a new theory of mindreading that takes into account cutting-edge philosophical and empirical research on in-group/out-group dynamics, social biases, and how our goals and the situational context influence how we interpret others’ behavior. Spaulding’s resulting theory of mindreading provides a more accurate, comprehensive, and perhaps pessimistic view of our abilities to understand others, with important epistemological and ethical implications. Deciding who is trustworthy, knowledgeable, and competent are epistemically and ethically fraught judgments; her new theory of mindreading sheds light on how these judgments are made and the conditions under which they are unreliable. This book will be of great interest to students of philosophy of psychology, philosophy of mind, applied epistemology, cognitive science and moral psychology, as well as those interested in conceptual issues in psychology.

This wide-ranging survey of issues in intercultural language teaching and learning covers everything from core concepts to program evaluation, and advocates a fluid, responsive approach to teaching language that reflects its central role in fostering intercultural understanding. * Includes coverage of theoretical issues defining language, culture, and communication, as well as practice-driven issues such as classroom interactions, technologies, programs, and language assessment * Examines systematically the components of language teaching: language itself, meaning, culture, learning, communicating, and assessments, and puts them in social and cultural context * Features numerous examples throughout, drawn from various languages, international contexts, and frameworks * Incorporates a decade of in-depth research and detailed documentation from the authors' collaborative work with practicing teachers * Provides a much-needed addition to the sparse literature on intercultural aspects of language education  

The aim of this study was to review research conducted in 2003-2006 in the EU-15 countries on how consumers perceive, understand, like and use nutrition information on food labels. Based on a search of databases on academic publications, Google-based search, and enquiries directed to a range of food retailers, food companies, consumer associations and government agencies, a total of 58 studies were identified. These studies were summarised using a standard format guided by a model of consumer information processing, and these summaries were subsequently processed using the MAXqda software in order to identify key findings and common themes across the studies. The studies show widespread consumer interest in nutrition information on food packages, though this interest varies across situations and products. Consumers like the idea of simplified front of pack information but differ in their liking for the various formats. Differences can be related to conflicting preferences for ease of use, being fully informed and not being pressurised into behaving in a particular way. Most consumers understand the most common signposting formats in the sense that they themselves believe that they understand them and they can replay key information presented to them in an experimental situation. There is, however, virtually no insight into how labelling information is, or will be, used in a real-world shopping situation, and how it will affect consumers' dietary patterns. Results are largely in line with an earlier review by Cowburn and Stockley (Public Health Nutr 8:21-28, 2005), covering research up to 2002, but provide new insights into consumer liking and understanding of simplified front of pack signposting formats. There is an urgent need for more research studying consumer use of nutritional information on food labels in a real-world setting.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]