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Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of the distance between the gingival zenith of the maxillary canine and the gingival zenith of the ipsilateral mandibular canine as a clinical method for determining occlusal vertical dimension in fully dentate individuals with skeletal Class I occlusion. Results A cross-sectional clinical evaluation was conducted on 210 adult dental students with complete dentition, healthy periodontium, and bilateral molar Class I relationship. The mean intercanine distance was 16.7 mm on the right side and 16.9 mm on the left side, demonstrating strong bilateral symmetry (correlation coefficient = 0.859; p  < 0.001). Male participants had significantly higher measurements than females, with mean differences of approximately 1.15 mm, while no significant differences were observed across age groups. The overall mean value of 16.8 mm supports the clinical validity of this biometric measurement as a stable and accessible anatomical reference for determining occlusal vertical dimension in similar populations.

Background and Objectives: The vertical dimension of occlusion’s (VDO) assessment is a highly important issue in the everyday dentist’s practice. Patients with unstable occlusion, lost occlusal stops, extensive tooth loss in the lateral area, or complete edentulism need a proper assessment of the VDO before the prosthetic restoration is carried out. Subjective and objective methods were used over time for the restoration of VDO. The study aimed to investigate the possible correlation between finger length, palm width and the vertical dimension of occlusion. Materials and Methods: Assessment of the VDO for 236 subjects, Romanian and French dental students, was performed using the Willis Bite Gauge. The left hand of the subjects was scanned using a flat-bed scanner, and then measurements of palm width and finger length were carried out for each subject. Comparison between VDO values and finger length/palm width was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Student t-Test. Results: Higher VDO average values were found in French subjects compared with Romanian students. The same results were found according to gender; in both female and male subjects, lower values of VDO were found in the Romanian group. Higher values were obtained for women within each group when comparing to men. Statistically significant correlations of the analyzed parameters and VDO values were found. Higher statistical correlations of the studied variables were found for men compared to women in both groups. The highest statistical correlation was obtained between the VDO and the palm width measured at the fingerbase, followed by the middle finger length. Conclusions: The results showed the highest statistical correlation between the vertical dimension of occlusion and the palm width measured at the fingers’ base. Statistical correlations were also found between the VDO and the middle finger length. Simple formulas using finger length/palm width can be used for a rapid VDO determination.

Background Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by tooth discoloration and enamel defects. Patients with AI always exhibit generalized attrition and defective tooth structure, leading to the loss of occlusal vertical dimension (OVD). Appropriate rehabilitation is challenging and essential to improve patients’ aesthetics and function. Case presentation This case report presents a comprehensive management of a 30-year-old woman with hypoplastic AI. A 52-month follow-up revealed satisfactory full-mouth rehabilitation performances of lithium disilicate ceramic crowns after clinical crown lengthening, with increased vertical dimension. Conclusions Patients with severe hypoplastic AI require proper full-mouth rehabilitation. Using full-crown lithium disilicate restorations to increase the OVD by 2‒4 mm is a safe and predictable recommendation for such cases. In addition, patients with AI require complex and comprehensive management. The long-term effects of full-mouth rehabilitation with lithium disilicate ceramic crowns still necessitate further follow-ups.

The aim of this study was to develop occlusal vertical dimension index to simplified vertical dimension measurement. Many dentists have difficulty in determining the exact vertical dimension of their patients. Hayakawa developed a formula to determine vertical dimension but had been made from a study using Japanese subjects, so that the accuracy if it is used for Indonesian people are still doubtfull. This study consist of 2 stages, the first stage, wanted to develop a specific index for the Deutero-Malay race in Indonesia that can be used to predict vertical dimension of the patients. The second stage of this study were comparing the accuracy of occlusal vertical dimension obtained from the OVD index with subject's actual occlusal vertical dimension. There were 63 subjects included in the first stage of study and also another 63 subjects included in the second stage of the study. This is a cros-sectional study and the factors being observed for the relationship with vertical dimension were interpupillary distance, inter zygomatic distance, zygomatic-chelion, sex, profile, palm length, pupillary-subnasion distance and pupillary-chelion. The result of this study is OVD index to predict specific vertical dimension for Deutero-Malay race as follows, sn-gn= 36.65 + 4.58 (gender) + 0.46 (p-p).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find the correlation between vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and length of fingers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 dentate subjects comprising of 200 males and 200 females. Anthropometric measurements of VDO, length of index finger, length of little finger, and distance from tip of thumb to tip of index finger of right hand were recorded clinically using modified digital vernier caliper. Correlation between VDO and length of fingers was studied using Spearman′s coefficient. For the execution of regression command and preparation of prediction equations to estimate VDO, Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software Version 11.5 was used. Results: VDO was significantly and positively correlated with all the parameters studied. In males, correlation of VDO was strongest for length of index finger (r-0.406) whereas in females, it was strongest for length of little finger (r-0.385). VDO estimation using regression equation had a standard error of ± 3.76 in males and ± 2.86 in females for length of index finger, ±3.81 and ± 2.74 in males and females respectively for length of little finger, ±3.99 and ± 2.89 in males and females respectively for distance from tip of thumb to tip of index finger. Conclusions: Since the variations between VDO and finger lengths are within the range of 2-4 mm, VDO prediction through this method is reliable, and reproducible. Also the method is simple, economic, and non-invasive; hence, it could be recommended for everyday practice.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of different facial measurements for determination of vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous subjects using accepted facial dimensions recorded from dentulous subjects. The hypothesis was that facial measurements can be used to obtain the vertical dimension of occlusion for edentulous patients where no pre-extraction records exist. A total of 180 subjects were selected in the age groups of 50–60 years, consisting of 75 dentate male and 75 dentate female subjects for whom different facial measurements were recorded including vertical dimension of occlusion and rest, and 15 edentulous male and 15 edentulous female subjects for whom all the facial measurements were recorded including the vertical dimension of rest and occlusion following construction of upper and lower complete dentures. The left outer canthus of eye to angle of mouth distance and the right Ear–Eye distance were found to be as valuable adjuncts in the determination of occlusal vertical dimension. The Glabella–Subnasion distance, the Pupil–Stomion distance, the Pupil–Rima Oris distance and the distance between the two Angles of the Mouth did not have a significant role in the determination of the occlusal vertical dimension. The vertical dimension can be determined with reasonable accuracy by utilizing other facial measurements for patients for whom no pre-extraction records exist.

We determined orientation of a line that is seen to be vertical (i.e., apparent vertical) while the head is inclined with the trunk upright. In this condition, it has been documented that apparent vertical is independent of head orientation (i.e., orientation constancy) or is in a direction opposite to the head inclination (i.e., the Müller effect). In this study, we have focused not only on the effect of head inclination but also on visual parameters of the line that was used to indicate apparent vertical. As the visual parameters, size (5.5° and 22° in visual angle), duration (0.1 s, 3 s, and no time limit), and luminance (0.026, 0.003, and 0.001 cd/m 2 against total darkness) were varied with the head being inclined within ±30°. The main findings were: 1) the Müller effect was at best 2°, but the head inclination was judged to be much larger than it was; 2) the correlation between apparent vertical and the judgmental error of head inclination was significant but was not very high ( r = −0.20); 3) the line of short duration or of low luminance facilitated the Müller effect; and 4) the magnitude of the Müller effect was large when the head was inclined to the right rather than to the left. These findings were compared with the predictions from the theory of allowing for apparent head position, the theory of ocular countertorsion, and the sensory-tonic field theory. Many aspects of the results were consistent with the predictions from the sensory-tonic field theory.

When fabricating dental restorations, casts are usually transferred to the articulator based on arbitrary hinge axes or mean values instead of true hinge axis points. Using arbitrary hinge axis points or mean values can lead to occlusal errors if the vertical relation is changed in the articulator (e.g., when a centric record is used). This study predicted the probability of occlusal errors occurring in a group of subjects when casts are mounted based on arbitrary hinge axis points or mean values. In 57 healthy volunteers, true hinge axis points, arbitrary hinge axis points, right infraorbital point, maxillary incisal point, and the palatal cusps of the second molars were determined. Mean hinge axis points were established based on Balkwill angles between 17° and 25°. Occlusal errors evoked by cast mounting in relation to arbitrary or mean axes compared to true hinge axes were calculated. Errors were determined for vertical relation settings of 2 and 4 mm. With 2 mm vertical relation, occlusal errors ≥340 µm occurred with a 10% probability with arbitrary hinge axis mounting. At the same probability level, the error increased moderately to ≥440 µm with mean value mounting and a Balkwill angle of 17°. With a Balkwill angle of 25° occlusal errors ≥1,120 µm occurred with 10% probability. Occlusal errors increased considerably with a vertical relation setting of 4 mm. If vertical relation shall be altered, a transfer of the casts according to arbitrary hinge axes is recommended. If casts are transferred according to mean values, errors are bigger depending on the articulator used.

The morphology of the alveolar process determines the retention and stability of prosthetic restorations, thereby determining the result of the therapy. Considering that the edentulous jaws may be affected by the atrophy process, it was hypothesized that the morphology of the alveolar process of the maxilla may be dependent on the anterior facial height and anatomy of the mandible. Twenty-five healthy edentulous Caucasian individuals were randomly chosen. Each subject underwent a lateral cephalogram before and after prosthetic rehabilitation. During exposition, newly made prostheses were placed in the patient's mouth. Teeth remained in maximal intercuspidation. Morphological parameters were evaluated according to the Ricketts, McNamara, and Tallgren's method. An inversely proportional association was observed between patient age and the distal part of the maxilla. A statistically significant connection was noted between the vertical dimension of alveolar ridge and anterior total and lower facial height conditioned by prosthetic rehabilitation. The height of the lateral part of the alveolar ridge of the maxilla remains in connection with the anterior total and lower facial height obtained in the course of prosthetic rehabilitation. The vertical dimension of the alveolar ridge of the maxilla seems to be in close relationship with the morphology of the lower jaw.

ContextBoth urban two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) morphology can affect air and land surface temperature. While many studies have looked at the impact of horizontal morphology, few have explored the relationship between vertical morphology and temperature, especially at the neighborhood scale.ObjectivesThis study aims to answer two questions: (1) Does air temperature vary in neighborhoods with different morphology? (2) If so, how does the 2D (horizontal) and 3D (vertical) morphology affect air temperature?MethodsWe examined the relationship between morphology and air temperature for 24 residential neighborhoods in Beijing, using correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. Morphological indicators were derived from remotely sensed land cover and light detecting and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud data. Air temperature was continuously measured using HOBO data loggers during the summer of 2014.ResultsNighttime air temperature was higher in neighborhoods dominated by high-rise structures compared to neighborhoods dominated by low-rise structures suggesting that 3D morphology is more important than 2D morphology in predicting air temperature. The ratio of vegetation volume to building volume negatively correlated with average air temperature and daytime temperature, while the mean distance among adjacent buildings had a positive effect. Building height was the most important predictor of nighttime air temperature. The major determinants of air temperature in high-rise and low-rise neighborhoods were different.ConclusionsBoth 2D and 3D morphology can affect air temperature in residential neighborhoods. Increasing vegetation volume relative to building volume and decreasing the distance among buildings can reduce daytime air temperatures.